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The Loyal Souls Tower ¡V The Eternal Barrier
A Study on the Preservation and Demolition of the Nanjing Liji Lane Comfort Women Asylum, the Hong Kong Loyal Souls Tower, and the Auschwitz Concentration Camp

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The first anniversary of the disappearance of the Chureito's stone foundation from Hong Kong¡¦s history, living on only in our memory.

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«Ê­±³o´Tµe¥X¦Û¬ü°êµe®a, ²z¬d¼w¡P ù´µ®ãº¸¼w (Richard Rothschild 1926-2011) , ¥L¬O¤@¦ì¬¡ÅD©ó¬ü°ê¾Ô«áÃÀ³N®É´Áªº­«­nÃÀ³N®a­ÝÀJ¶ì®a¡C¥L¦bÃÀ³N¥Í²P¤¤®i²{¤F¸ó»â°ìªº¤~µØ, °£¤Føµe¤§¥~, §ó¥H¨äºë´ïªº¤ìÀJ»P«C»ÉÀJ¶ì»D¦W©ó¬ü°êÃÀ³N¬É¡C¥L¦¨ªø¨Ã±U°_©ó¤G¦¸¤j¾Ô«áªº¯Ã¬ù, ·í®Éªº¯Ã¬ù¥¿­È¤å¤Æº²Äl»PÃÀ³N³Ð·sªº¶Àª÷®É´Á (¦p©â¶Hªí²{¥D¸qªº¿³°_) , ³o¹ï¥LªºÃÀ³N±Ó¾U«×±a¨Ó¤F²`»·ªº¼vÅT¡C­»´ä¾Ô«á­«¥ú, ²z¬d¼w¡P ù´µ®ãº¸¼w (Richard Rothschild) ¥¿¦b­»´ä¼g¥Í, ³o³o´T§@«~¬O¥L1946¦~¤T¤ë©Òøµe, µe®a¥¿¦b­»´ä¤EÀs¥_©¤¦ì¸m¶i¦æÃ¸µe, µeªº¤¤¥¡¤W¤è¤´µM¥i¥H¨£¨ì©¾ÆF¶ð¡C (À]ÂÃÃþ别¡G¯È½è /¦~¥N: 1946¦~ /¤Ø¤o: 27.5cm X 15.6cm ) ¡C

Cover Description
The painting on the cover is the work of American painter Richard Rothschild (1926¡V2011), an important artist and sculptor who was active during the American post-war art period. Throughout his artistic career, he demonstrated multidisciplinary talent; in addition to painting, he was widely renowned in the American art world for his exquisite wood carvings and bronze sculptures. He grew up and rose to prominence in post-WWII New York, during a golden era of cultural melting pots and artistic innovation (such as the rise of Abstract Expressionism), which deeply influenced his artistic sensibilities. Following the liberation and post-war reconstruction of Hong Kong, Richard Rothschild visited the city to paint from life. This specific artwork was painted in March 1946 from the northern shore of Kowloon. In the upper-center portion of the painting, the Chureito (Loyal Souls Tower) remains visible.

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ªí¯Èの絵画は¡Bアメリカの戦«á¬ü³N´Áに¬¡ÅDした­«­nなªå³N®aであり±n¨è®aでもある¡Bアメリカ¤H画®aのリチャード・ロスチャイルド (Richard Rothschild 1926-2011) による§@«~です¡C©¼はそのキャリアを³qじて¦h¨¤ªºな¤~¯àを発´§し¡B絵画だけでなく¡Bºë¥©な¤ì±nやブロンズ±n¨èでもアメリカ¬ü³N¬Éにおいて°ªい¦W声を³Õしました¡C²Ä¤G¦¸¥@¬É¤j戦«áのニューヨークで¨|ち¡BÀY¨¤を²{した©¼は¡B当®Éの¤å¤Æªºるつぼとªå³Nªº­²·sの黄ª÷´Á (©â¶Hªí²{¥D¸qの¥xÀYなど) から¦h¤jなる¼vÅTを¨üけ¡Bそのªå³Nªº·P©Êを¿iきました¡C戦«á´_¿³ (­«¥ú) をªïえた­»´äを³Xれたリチャード・ロスチャイルドは¡B²{¦aで写¥Í (スケッチ) を¦æいました¡C¥»§@は1946¦~3¤ëに©¼が­»´äの¤EÀs¥_©¤ (カオルーン¥_©¤) から´yいたものであり¡B画­±の¤¤¥¡¤W³¡には¡B当®Éまだ残されていた©¾霊¶ð (ちゅうれいとう) の«ºを½T»{することができます¡C


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ªk°êµÛ¦W«ä·Q®a¡BªÀ·|¾Ç¤j®v¹p»X¡P ªü¶© (Raymond Aron 1905-1983)  ¦b±´°Q°ê®a¥DÅv»P¾ú¥v¤å¤Æ®É, ¥L´¿¸g»¡¡G¡§L'argent peut acheter beaucoup de choses, mais il ne peut pas acheter l'histoire.Un pays qui vend son histoire, ou qui permet qu'elle soit achetée, est un pays sans âme.¡¨ (ª÷¿ú¥i¥H¶R¨ì³\¦hªF¦è, ¦ý¥¦¶R¤£¨ì¾ú¥v¡C¤@­Ó¥X½æ¾ú¥v¡B©Î®e³\¨ä¾ú¥v³Qª÷¿ú¶R¨«ªº°ê®a, ¬O¤@­Ó¨S¦³ÆF»îªº°ê®a¡C) ¡K¡K
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Prologue

The renowned French thinker and master of sociology, Raymond Aron (1905¡V1983), once remarkedwhen discussing national sovereignty and historical culture: ¡§L'argent peut acheter beaucoup de choses,mais il ne peut pas acheter l'histoire. Un pays qui vend son histoire, ou qui permet qu'elle soit achetée,est un pays sans âme.¡¨ (Money can buy many things, but it cannot buy history. A country that sells itshistory, or allows its history to be bought, is a country without a soul.) ...


プロローグ

フランスのµÛ¦Wな«ä·Q®aでありªÀ会学の¤j®vでもあるレイモン・アロン (Raymond Aron 1905¡V1983) は¡B国®a¥D権と歴¥v¤å¤Æを½×じた»Ú¡Bかつて¦¸のように»yった¡C¡§L'argent peut acheterbeaucoup de choses, mais il ne peut pas acheter l'histoire. Un pays qui vend son histoire, ou qui permetqu'elle soit achetée, est un pays sans âme.¡¨ (¡uª÷は¦hくのものを¶Rうことができるが¡B歴¥vを¶Rうことはできない¡C¦Ûらの歴¥vを売り´çし¡Bあるいは歴¥vがª÷で¶Rわれることを³\す国は¡B»îのない国である¡C¡v) ¡K¡K


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The completed appearance of the Chureito (Loyal Souls Tower) shown in the image is reconstructed based on theoriginal design blueprints from that era. The Hong Kong Military Government ruled Hong Kong with the posture of anew colonist, even dreaming of an authoritarian rule over Hong Kong that would last for generations while promotingImperial culture and education. Little did they expect that their reign would last only three years and eight months.

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The Chureito (Loyal Souls Tower) on Mount Cameron in Hong Kong, whose incomplete half-built tower structure was demolished by explosives in 1947, had its original foundation fully preserved intact for as long as 80 years. It served as a historical symbol of the three years and eight months of the Japanese occupation of Hong Kong. Today, it has completely vanished.

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In the past, the base of the Chureito could be seen from afar through the treetops; looking at the exact same spotnow, the scene is completely empty.

かつては¤ì々の»Ø¶¡から»·くに©¾霊¶ðの°ò®yを±æむことができたが¡B¤µ¦Pじ³õ©Òを¨£¤Wげると¡Bそこは§¹¥þにªÅっぽになっている¡C


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Preamble

When the Soul of History Succumbs to Ruthless Real Estate Rules


After completing this special feature on the study of Hong Kong architecture during the Japanese occupation period stead, itleaves behind an indescribable feeling of absurdity and sorrow.

The greatest irony of history is often not the tragedies of the past, but how the living treat the remnants of those tragedies today.

Looking at Hong Kong now, the stage is crowded with numerous red-capped tycoons and politicians shouting "patriotism" atthe top of their lungs. Yet, stripping away that grand exterior reveals nothing but a crowd of opportunistic, calculating fence-sitters. In late July 2025, when the "Cenotaph Foundation" on Mount Cameron¡Xthe most central and irreplaceable cultural relic of World War II in Hong Kong¡Xwas completely demolished, its granite facade stripped away, leaving only a barrenmound, these "patriots" who usually spout historical righteousness fell into a telling silence.

"Fortunately, some groups from the 'whatever-bureau'¡Xwith monthly salaries ranging from HKD $83,977 to $122,043¡Xpreviously came forward to 'speak up for justice'." By declaring that the site held "no historical value," they green-lit the project under the guise of "procedural justice," makingeverything legal, reasonable, and compliant!
In this gamble between history and capital, developers paid a staggering HKD 5 billion to successfully bid for and clear theland. Following this is a luxury residential sales plan set to rise directly upon the remains of a site of historical blood andtears. In the face of a massive 5-billion-dollar commercial interest, the high-profile rhetoric of cultural preservation andhistorical dignity usually paraded around was instantly trampled into worthlessness. They chose to kneel before capital,allowing the physical history of the "three years and eight months" to vanish entirely from Hong Kong's map, all to clear theharbor view for future multi-millionaires.

What is even more ironical is that this very group of clever individuals¡Xwho stood by as the relic was destroyed to cater todevelopers¡Xsubsequently assumed a sanctimonious pose. They requested the return of the decayed wood, rusted iron, andbroken stones buried beneath the foundation for over 80 years, solemnly proclaiming they would place them in museums to"promote patriotic education." Is this true patriotism, or just a political show?

If the physical architectural evidence of the Japanese invasion of China can be casually erased, and if an authentic historical site can make way for a 5-billion-dollar luxury housing project, how much credibility does so-called "history education" have

left? When the "soul" of history evaporates under the dual pressures of capital and power, what remains is nothing but"historical cosmetics"¡Xspineless and open to any manipulation.

History will remember this day. It will remember not only the leveled mound, but also the faces of those who stayed silent or even defended the move in the face of a 5-billion-dollar profit. This city, in the end, still places the rules of real estate above the dignity of history.


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The Governor of the Occupied Territory of Hong Kongduring the Japanese occupation period from 1941 to 1945.

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ÁF¨¦·G¤¶¤¤±N (1886-1967)

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Lieutenant General Rensuke Isogai (1886-1967)

Lieutenant General Rensuke Isogai (1886-1967) officially assumed office as the "Governor of the Occupied Territory of Hong Kong" on February 20, 1942, after Japanese forces captured Hong Kong in December 1941. During his reign of over three years, he engaged in economic plunder, forcibly abolished the Hong Kong dollar, and introduced Japanese military hand-printed currency (military yen) as the legal tender to aggressively strip Hong Kong of its wealth. This caused the military yen to hyperinflate and eventually become worthless scrap paper. During his tenure, he also organized the construction of the Chureito. To implement a puppet administration in Hong Kong, he established the "Two Chinese Associations," organizing the "Chinese Representative Council" and the "Chinese Cooperative Council" to recruit pro-Japanese Chinese merchants and gentry, such as Chan Lim-pak and Robert Kotewall, to help maintain order¡Xexemplifying a policy of "loving Japan, loving Hong Kong, and using Chinese to govern Chinese." He later ordered the remodeling of the Governor's House, undertaking large-scale expansions and renovations of the Hong Kong Governor's House in Central (now Government House), adding prominent Japanese towers and Wa-shoku (Japanese-style) bedrooms, an architectural style that remains to this day. In 1947, a court sentenced him to life imprisonment for war crimes. He was sent to Sugamo Prison in Tokyo to serve his sentence and was subsequently released on parole in 1952.

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ÁF¨¦·G¤¶¤¤将 (1886-1967) 

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This special feature utilizes AI technology to reconstruct models of the Japanese-occupied Hong Kong Governor's House and theChureito's base. During the Japanese occupation, the Japanese Governor, Lieutenant General Rensuke Isogai, brought in a youngJapanese engineer and architect named Seiichi Fujimura to simultaneously design the "Chureito" on Bowen Hill and oversee theremodeling of the "Hong Kong Governor's House." By observing the integration of the "Teikan-shiki" (Imperial Crown style) designand the representative "Three Lines" style design, it becomes evident that the former Chureito base on Mount Cameron and the HongKong Governor's House are, in fact, closely intertwined architectural remnants of the Japanese occupation.

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¥Ð¤¤¤[¤@¤¤±N (1889-1947)

¥Ð¤¤¤[¤@¤¤±N (1889-1947) 1944¦~©³, ·ù­x¦b¤Ó¥­¬v¾Ô³õ¸`¸`³Ó§Q, ¬ü­x¾Ô¾÷¶}©lÀWÁcÅF¬µ¤é­x¦û»â¤Uªº­»´ä¡C¤é­x¤j¥»À笰¤F¥[±jµØ«n»P­»´äªºÁp¨¾, ¨¾½d¬ü­xµn³°, ¨M©w½Õ¾ã¤H¨Æ, 1944¦~12¤ëÁF¨¦·G¤¶½Õ©¹¥xÆW¡C1945¦~2¤ë¥Ð¤¤¤[¤@¥¿¦¡¥H¡u²Ä23­x¥q¥O©x¡vªº­x¾, ­Ý¥ô­»´ä¥e»â¦aÁ`·þ, ¥HÂù­«¨­¥÷¦¨¬°¤é¥»µØ«n³Ì°ª«ü´§©x¡C¾Ô«á¥Ð¤¤¤[¤@³Q°ê¥Á¬F©²¶e®·, ¦]¨ä¦b¼sªF¤Î­»´ä¥Ç¤UªºÄY­«¸o¦æ±µ¨ü¼f§P¡B¨ä¥D­n¸oª¬¬°¼s¦{¤jÅF¬µ, 1938¦~«ü´§³¡¶¤¶i§ð¼sªF´Á¶¡, ¤U¥O¦Ê¾l¬[­¸¾÷¨gÅFÀݬµ, ³y¦¨10¦h¸U¥­¥Á¶Ë¤`¡C¸t¤h´£¤Ï®Ñ°|¤j±O±þ, 1941¦~§ð¦û­»´ä¨ª¬W´Á¶¡, Áa®e¤é­x¨ë¦º60¦h¦W¶Ë§L, ¨Ã±j«Á¡B±þ®`¦h¦W¥~ÄyÂå¥Í»PÅ@¤h¡C­h±þ·ù­x­¸¦æ­û, ¬ü­x­¸­¸ªê¶¤¶¤­û (¦p²ü§J¤Ö®Õ) ¦b­»´äªþªñ³QÀ»¸¨¸õ³Ê«á, ¾D¨ä³¡¤U´Ý»Å¬I­h¨Ã¯µ±K³B¨M¡C°ê¥Á¬F©²¼f§Pµ²ªG, ¨M©w©ó1946¦~10¤ë¼s¦{¼f§P¾Ô¥Ç­x¨Æªk®x§P³B¨ä¦º¦D¡C

Lieutenant General Hisakazu Tanaka (1889-1947)

Lieutenant General Hisakazu Tanaka (1889-1947): By late 1944, as the Allies achieved consecutive victories in the Pacific theater, US military aircraft began frequent bombings of Japanese-occupied Hong Kong. To strengthen the joint defense of South China and Hong Kong and to guard against a US landing, the Imperial Japanese Army General Headquarters decided to adjust its personnel. In December 1944, Rensuke Isogai was transferred to Taiwan. In February 1945, Hisakazu Tanaka officially took on the role of Governor of the Occupied Territory of Hong Kong while concurrently serving as the"Commander of the 23rd Army," becoming the highest Japanese commander in South China with a dual identity. After the war, Tanaka was arrested by the Nationalist Government and stood trial for severe crimes committed in Guangdong and Hong Kong. His primary charges included: The Great Bombing of Guangzhou¡Xduring the 1938 offensive in Guangdong, he ordered over a hundred aircraft to carry out indiscriminate bombings, causing over 100,000 civilian casualties; The St. Stephen's College Massacre¡Xduring the capture of Stanley, Hong Kong in 1941, he condoned his troops bayoneting over 60 wounded soldiers and raping and murdering several foreign doctors and nurses; The Torture and Execution of Allied Pilots¡Xafter members of the US Flying Tigers (such as Major Hokke) parachuted near Hong Kong when their planes were shotdown, they were brutally tortured and secretly executed by his subordinates. Following the trial by the Nationalist Government, the Military Tribunal for the Trial of War Criminals in Guangzhou sentenced him to death in October 1946.

¥Ð¤¤¤[¤@¤¤将 (1889-1947)

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In the post-war period of 1945, the military government reoccupying Hong Kong decided to demolish the uncompleted Chureito (Loyal Souls Tower). The image shows three British military officers inspecting the Chureito site.

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In late July 2025, the base of the Chureito was completely demolished, and the tangible history of the "three years and eight months" vanished entirely. As the most crucial cultural relic for discussions on Hong Kong's World War II history, its total disappearance is a bitter irony that authentic history ultimately succumbed to ruthless commercial rules.

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2026.7.29



Introduction:  The Vanished Foundation of the Hong Kong Chureito and the Fracture of Historical Memory


When we witness the meticulous preservation of the Comfort Women Memorial Hall at Lijiang Lane in Nanjing and the inscription of Poland¡¦s Auschwitz Concentration Camp as a World Heritage site, the historical lens pans back to Hong Kong, leaving behind a profound regret¡Xthe complete obliteration of the Hong Kong Chureito (Loyal Souls Tower).

It is crucial to note that this humiliating monolith, symbolizing the Japanese invasion and brutal occupation of Hong Kong, was not torn down amidst the civil outrage or political purges of the immediate post-war colonial era, when everything was still waiting to be rebuilt. The ultimate irony of history lies in the fact that today, in the 21st century, while nations worldwide utilize these wartime remnants for human rights and peace education, this historical landmark¡Xwhich bore witness to the immense suffering of Hong Kong's "three years and eight months" under Japanese rule¡Xhas long been completely dismantled under the relentless wheels of urban development, leaving not a single trace. Even when the subterranean "soul-calming sword" (Zhenling Dao) was unearthed and extracted, what meaning does it carry anymore? It feels as tragically absurd as leading a calf through a slaughterhouse, only to guide its mother right into the abattoir...

This stark contrast of "others preserving while we erase" reflects several deep-seated social and cultural phenomena:

The Overriding of Historical Value by Economic Pragmatism:

Throughout Hong Kong¡¦s developmental trajectory over the past decades, "land value" and "economic returns" have consistently taken precedence. When a historical remnant steeped in painful memories clashed with highly lucrative real estate development, a pragmatic mindset invariably chose to "look forward" by leveling spaces of immense historical significance. This exposes a collective absence of heritage preservation awareness when confronted with commercial interests.

Selective Amnesia of Local Wartime Memory:The ruins in Nanjing and Poland are backed by powerful national narratives and a collective political will to maintain a fortified line against forgetting. Conversely, Hong Kong¡¦s wartime history has long occupied a marginalized or awkward position in mainstream historical discourse. The demolition of the Chureito foundation reflects a societal neglect of local resistance and civilian suffering. When a city lacks the capacity to gaze deeply into its own history of trauma, its ruins are dismissed merely as "unlucky debris" rather than embraced as "classrooms for education."

The Evasive Psychology of "Out of Sight, Out of Mind":

As many initially assumed, there is a pervasive societal mentality that clearing away bad memories somehow erases the underlying humiliation. Yet, the destruction of the Chureito foundation does not cause the atrocities committed by the Japanese military in Hong Kong, the St. Stephen's College massacre, or the Silver Mine Bay massacres to vanish. This act precisely exposes our lack of collective courage¡Xunlike Poland or Germany¡Xto confront historical ugliness and pain head-on.

The disappearance of the Hong Kong Chureito serves as a cautionary tale. It reminds us that when historical remnants are utterly erased, what we lose is not merely a stone foundation. We lose the opportunity for future generations to stand close to a tangible relic, to feel the raw cruelty of war firsthand, and to reflect on peace and human values through civic education and historical retrospection. In the 21st century, an era where humanity universally understands how to use ruins to warn the future, this vanished foundation stands as an unfillable black hole in Hong Kong¡¦s historical memory.

Cognitio Sapiens Ngensis

July 29, 2026

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A Historical Interrogation of Two Cities: Why Did Nanjing Preserve Liji Lane, While Hong Kong Lost the Chureito?

Though serving as identical, ironclad historical evidence of Japanese aggression and the trampling of human rights and sovereignty, the former comfort station site in Nanjing and the wartime ruins in Hong Kong have met with diametrically opposed fates. Beset by the dual pressures of capital and shifting societal perspectives, the Liji Lane Comfort Station Site in Nanjing was ultimately saved through a joint effort of civil society, scholars, and the government, becoming a national-level memorial site of the War of Resistance. Conversely, the foundation of the Chureito on Mount Cameron¡Xthe largest and most symbolically significant landmark of the Japanese occupation ("three years and eight months") in Hong Kong¡Xwas violently uprooted and utterly obliterated under the colossal wheels of commercial redevelopment.
The stark contrast between this single success and failure is more than just a technical disparity in heritage conservation; it represents a profound contrast between the two cities regarding their political ecosystems, economic logic, and the rift between patriotic rhetoric and actual practice.

I. Nanjing vs. Hong Kong: A Comparative Analysis of Three Core Dimensions

The "survival" of Liji Lane versus the "death" of the Chureito foundation reflects a vast chasm between the two regions in terms of historical positioning, conservation mechanisms, and civic engagement:
1. Divergence in Historical Positioning: National Collective Trauma vs. The Marginalized "Three Years and Eight Months"
The Core of Nanjing's Historical Outlook: In Nanjing, the 1937 Nanjing Massacre and Japanese wartime sexual violence represent an untouchable collective trauma and historical red line for the city and the entire Chinese nation. Preserving Liji Lane possesses an unshakeable, absolute political righteousness. Any real estate developer attempting to demolish the site would be viewed by public opinion as standing against national righteousness, incurring immense political risks.
Hong Kong's Marginalized Memory: In contrast, Hong Kong's historical discourse has long leaned toward its identity as an "international commercial port since its founding." Although the "three years and eight months" period was brutal, it is frequently treated in official and mainstream historical narratives as a "brief interlude" rather than the bedrock of the city's identity. As a piece of "Negative Heritage," the Chureito's implicit value as a historical warning is deemed by the Hong Kong government and developers to be far inferior to the multi-billion dollar economic revenue the plot can generate.
2. Divergence in Conservation Mechanisms: Active Intervention of State Will vs. Commerce-First Passive Administration
Nanjing's Political Institutionalization: When Liji Lane faced crises such as demolition and fires, local scholars withstood immense pressure to trigger a wave of public awareness. Subsequently, delegates of the "Two Sessions" (NPC & CPPCC) of Jiangsu Province and Nanjing City intensively submitted proposals, elevating the issue to the height of national security and international diplomacy. This compelled the local government to prioritize political imperatives, sacrificing commercial interests to construct the memorial museum.
Hong Kong's "Procedural Justice" Greenlight: Hong Kong's Antiquities and Monuments Office (AMO) has long adhered to a market-driven, technocratic mindset. Under the current Antiquities and Monuments Ordinance, authorities are extremely reluctant to declare private properties as monuments, as doing so implies paying exorbitant financial compensation or executing a "land exchange" with property tycoons. Consequently, officials adopted a strategy of decoupling¡Xconfiscating the swords and tablets to fulfill formal accountability while debasing the core "foundation site" as ordinary stones lacking independent value, technically greenlighting the developer's project through administrative procedures.
3. Divergence in Civic and Media Engagement: A Decade of Public Resistance vs. The Helplessness of Compressed Space
Nanjing's Civil Resistance: The preservation of Liji Lane was inseparable from over a decade of unyielding fieldwork by scholars like Jing Shenghong, coupled with continuous investigative reporting by local media. Broad public participation forged a powerful force of civic oversight.
The Conservation Faultline in Hong Kong: In recent years, Hong Kong's social environment has undergone a drastic transformation, severely compressing the space for traditional civil conservation groups, independent media, and academic discourse. When the Chureito foundation was covertly excavated and swiftly demolished, civil society lacked a powerful public opinion platform to coordinate cross-sector actions. The public only learned the truth when the engineering work was nearly completed, causing this battle for history to end in a silent and "passive failure."

II. Debunking the Rhetoric: The Collective Dereliction of Duty by Hong Kong's "Patriotic Groups" and Merchants

Recently, Hong Kong's political ecosystem has experienced a fundamental shift. Whether for real estate tycoons or various political parties and social organizations, old and new alike, "patriotism" has become the most central political slogan. However, when the Chureito foundation¡Xthe largest historical remnant of the Japanese occupation period in Hong Kong¡Xfaced total annihilation, the collective silence of these groups exposed a deeply hypocritical, "slogan-style patriotism."
1. The Shrewd Calculations of Developers: Patriotism as a Business, History Giving Way to Extravagant Profits
Hong Kong developers are always quick to fall in line with political rhetoric, frequently making donations or organizing various celebratory events. Yet, when confronted with this premium, ultra-expensive plot for luxury housing atop Mount Cameron (Bowen Hill), commercial instincts instantly overrode historical sentiment. To utilize the plot ratio to its absolute limit, construct high-end villas yielding billions or tens of billions in profit, and excavate multi-story underground garages, they unhesitatingly chose to erase this physical ironclad proof of Japanese aggression. For them, real historical artifacts obstruct fortune-making, whereas slogan-style patriotism guarantees political safety; the choice was glaringly obvious.

2. The Collective Silence of Political Groups: Watching the Wind from Above, Blind to Historical Justice
Hong Kong's existing pro-establishment political parties and various patriotic associations routinely exhibit great enthusiasm for hosting "War of Resistance Commemorative Exhibitions" or historical lectures. However, when the Chureito foundation¡Xthe only, largest, and most viable living textbook for patriotic and historical education within Hong Kong¡Xwas on the brink of destruction, not a single mainstream political group stepped forward to file an urgent question in the Legislative Council. Not a single association protested at the construction site, and no one pressured the developer to preserve the foundation. This exposes their "patriotism" as highly selective and utilitarian¡Xas long as it does not touch the interests of massive conglomerates or defy the government's grand direction for commercial urban renewal, they choose to turn a blind eye and remain deaf. This posture of "all talk and no action" is precisely what drove this historic monument into total extinction.

III. The Vanished Foundation: What Has Hong Kong Lost?
The utter destruction of the Chureito foundation on Mount Cameron has left an irremediable historical regret. This foundation was far more than a few blocks of granite; it was a silent tombstone for the military and civilians who perished in the Battle of Hong Kong in December 1941, the ultimate spatial symbol of the brutal colonial rule during the "three years and eight months," and a powerful physical testament to the intertwined destinies of modern Hong Kong and the nation. While Nanjing preserved the weeping gray brick walls of Liji Lane right behind its bustling commercial districts to manifest peace and justice to the world, Hong Kong chose to eternally bury its most crucial historical warning beneath the foundations of luxury peak mansions.
 
This jarring contrast between Nanjing and Hong Kong undoubtedly delivers a profoundly heavy and ironic history lesson to present-day Hong Kong: when a city can casually erase its most monumental historical scars for commercial profit, and when "patriotism" is reduced to a mutually beneficial political slogan for merchants and politicians, the city is single-handedly hollowing out its own cultural roots and collective memory. The disappearance of the Chureito foundation stands as an absolute, agonizing, and monumental failure in the history of Hong Kong's heritage conservation.



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A Century-Defining Question for Historical Heritage: Memory and Oblivion in a Commercial Society Through the Lenses of Auschwitz, Liji Lane, and Hong Kong's Chureito

Historical sites serve as silent textbooks and living educational tools to prevent future wars and atrocities from repeating. The German philosopher Karl Jaspers once conceptual¤Fed reflections on "guilt" (Die Schuldfrage), pointing out that posterity preserves sites of crime not to perpetuate hatred, but to engage in profound moral and historical introspection.However, when we turn our gaze to three global locations that bear the weight of extreme World War II atrocities and state aggression¡Xthe Auschwitz Concentration Camp in Poland, the Liji Lane Comfort Station Site in Nanjing, and the Chureito foundation on Mount Cameron in Hong Kong¡Xwe discover they have met vastly different destinies in modern society.The survival or destruction of these three coordinates precisely maps out a brutal spectrum stretching from "all-human historical self-reflection" to "extreme commercialized oblivion."


I. The Spectrum of Three Great Historical Sites: From Beacons of Civilization to Luxury Home Foundations

While all three sites stand as ironclad evidence of human rights violations and aggression perpetrated by the Japanese and Nazi German militaries, their positioning and ultimate fates in contemporary society present a jarring contrast: [The Preservation Spectrum of WWII Negative Heritage] Auschwitz Concentration Camp (Poland): All-Human Reflection / World Heritage Site Liji Lane Comfort Station Site (Mainland China): National-Level Historical Justice / Unyielding Civil Resistance Hong Kong Chureito Foundation (Hong Kong, China): Commerce-First / Utterly Obliterated for Multi-Billion Dollar Luxury Mansions
1. Auschwitz Concentration Camp in Poland: A Civilizational Warning Light for All Humanity
As the "death factory" where Nazi Germany slaughtered over 1.1 million people, Auschwitz was legally protected by the Polish government as a state museum shortly after the war (1947) and was inscribed onto the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1979. Preservation and Introspection: Here, the gas chambers, the hair of the victims, and piles of discarded shoes have been preserved exactly as they were found. Successive German leaders have knelt, apologized, and reflected at this site. It transcends geopolitics to become the supreme spiritual landmark for humanity in defending human rights and rejecting totalitarianism and war. Here, historical dignity and self-reflection reign supreme above all economic development.
2.Nanjing Liji Lane Comfort Women Asylum: 
The Interweaving of National Justice and Grassroots Defense: No. 2 Liji Lane is the largest surviving comfort women asylum in Asia, and the only one personally identified by a survivor, Park Young-sim, as a institutionalized military sexual slavery control center managed by the Japanese army. A Victory Against Capital: This site is also located in the most prosperous core commercial district of Nanjing and has repeatedly faced threats of demolition from developers' excavators and mysterious fires. However, Nanjing citizens, scholars, and lawmakers unleashed a tsunami of public opinion, fighting capital with "the tears of living evidence," which ultimately prompted the intervention of the national will. 
The government chose to establish an exhibition hall, willingly forfeiting billions in land sales revenue, to transform it into a "National-Level Anti-Japanese War Heritage Site" for reflecting on wartime atrocities and safeguarding women's dignity. The Foundation of the Loyalty Tower on Mount Cameron, Hong Kong: 

A Heritage Thoroughly Swallowed by Commercial Profits: In stark contrast to the preservation of the previous two sites, the foundation of the Loyalty Tower on Mount Cameron¡Xthe largest and most symbolic Imperial Japanese colonial landmark during the Japanese occupation of Hong Kong (three years and eight months)¡Xwas uprooted and completely leveled during a luxury residential redevelopment project from 2025 to 2026. The Split of "Keeping the Treasure, Scraping the Site": Officials and developers utilized technical packaging to salvage the "military swords and stone tablets" found underground, while downgrading the core "foundation heritage" to valueless, ordinary stones. To allow the peak luxury mansions to "maximize the plot ratio" and to excavate multi-level underground garages for maximizing tens of billions in commercial profits, this sole spatial evidence of the Japanese occupation in Hong Kong vanished into thin air under administrative green lights. 

II. Why Has "History Always Been Unimportant to Commercial Society" in Hong Kong
The complete failure to preserve the Hong Kong Loyalty Tower foundation nakedly exposes the indifference and utilitarianism of a hyper-commercialized society toward historical memory. "Economic Rationality" Under Land Fetishism: In the deeply rooted social subconscious of Hong Kong, "land" is not a vessel for collective memory, but a financial asset for calculating return on investment. History Yields to Money: In the prime location of the Peak, preserving an oppressive foundation of a Japanese military loyalty tower is viewed in commercial logic as a "negative asset" and "unlucky." 
When weighing a "hidden living textbook of war" against "billions or tens of billions in luxury residential tax revenues and profits," developers and technocrats always tilt the scale toward the latter without suspense. This "economic rationality" that commodifies everything is the ultimate driver behind the erasure of history.

The Chasm Between Slogan-Style Patriotism and Actual Action: In recent years, Hong Kong's political and business circles have enthusiastically used "patriotism" as their core political slogan, frequently hosting various formalistic commemorative exhibitions of the Anti-Japanese War. However, when confronting the Loyalty Tower¡Xthe most grand and concrete physical warning of that era¡Xdevelopers tore it down for profit, while political groups branding themselves as patriotic stayed collectively silent, with not a single individual taking real action in the Legislative Council or at the construction site to protect the foundation. 
An Empty Symbol: 
This proves that in a commercial society, "patriotism" and "history" are often reduced to empty symbols used to trade for political safety. Once the core economic interests of major conglomerates are touched, real historical footprints can be cleared away as "waste" at any moment. 

III. Lacking Living Textbooks, What Has Hong Kong Lost? 

Poland kept Auschwitz, allowing the world to stay vigilant against the banality of evil; Nanjing kept Liji Lane, allowing the world to remember the trampling of human nature by war; Hong Kong, however, chose to permanently bury its historical scars beneath the luxurious neon lights of the Peak. The disappearance of this living historical textbook means Hong Kong has lost its most powerful, direct spatial refutation regarding that period of "three years and eight months." When the physical foundation no longer exists, future generations can only "imagine" the war through the glass display cases of museums and the cold words of textbooks. 
This decontextualization of history easily leads to the fading of collective memory and the detachment of emotion. This is undoubtedly a massive tragedy for modern Hong Kong society: a commercial society that worships nothing but plot ratios and luxury housing profits, and willingly erases its own heaviest historical memories, will ultimately march toward cultural and spiritual hollowization amidst a bustling jungle of reinforced concrete. 
The disappearance of the Loyalty Tower foundation will serve as a textbook stain of commercial capital overriding historical justice, forever recorded in the history of Hong Kong's development.


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Greenlight to Erase History: The Destruction of the "Chureito" Foundation on Mount Cameron Exposes the Institutional Bias in Hong Kong's Heritage Conservation

Between 2024 and 2026, a redevelopment project atop Bowen Hill (also known as Mount Cameron) on Hong Kong Island sparked profound regret among historians and conservationists.
Following the demolition of the historic "Cameron Mansions," the remains of the Japanese military's "Chureito" (Memorial Tower)¡Xburied beneath the building's foundation for over 80 years¡Xwere completely obliterated through the "collaboration" between the developer and the Antiquities and Monuments Office (AMO). On the surface, this appeared to be a routine urban renewal driven by a lack of "sufficient heritage value." However, a deeper analysis of the underlying plot ratio traps and commercial logic reveals that total excavation was by no means a technical necessity. Instead, it was a shrewd calculation by the developer to utilize the plot ratio to its absolute limit and maximize profits, while the official heritage rating essentially greenlit a multi-billion dollar development blueprint.

I. The Calculation of Plot Ratio: Why Must the Developer Demolish the Foundation?
A common public misconception is that since Cameron Mansions has already been demolished, the developer could simply erect new buildings on the existing land. Why root out even the granite Chureito foundation, which is buried deep underground without affecting the surface landscape? This involves the core rules of Hong Kong's real estate game: Plot Ratio and Site Coverage.
1. The Old Foundation Limits the "Maximized Layout" of the New Building
The base of the Japanese military's Chureito was immensely massive, featuring a solid structure built from heavy granite blocks.
Wasted Space: If this giant stone base were preserved, the new building¡¦s underground parking, utility piles, and lobby support points would all have to accommodate this 80-year-old, castle-tower-like historical structure.
Basement Design Variables: In the premium hilltop luxury residential market, the ability to build multi-story underground garages, private wine cellars, or exclusive clubhouses directly dictates the final property price. Preserving the foundation means the developer cannot excavate downward, effectively forfeiting vast amounts of "invisible area" that are excluded from plot ratio calculations but significantly boost property value.
2. Profit Maximization via Plot Ratio Transfer and Re-planning
After the Cameron Mansions site changed hands, the new developer was bound to squeeze every single drop out of the plot's statutory plot ratio.
Structural Safety and Redevelopment Loans: Utilizing an old foundation to build a new tower imposes extremely high thresholds for structural approval from the Buildings Department and for securing redevelopment loans from banks.
The Commercial Logic of Starting Anew: To build ultra-modern, floor-to-ceiling glass hilltop mansions aligned with contemporary tycoon aesthetics, the developer required a "blank slate."
Only by completely demolishing and leveling the Chureito base can the site layout be perfectly re-planned to construct the maximum number of villas with the most expansive views, yielding returns in the billions or tens of billions of dollars.

II. The "Perfect Collaboration" Between Officials and Merchants: Debasing Historical Heritage as "Devoid of Conservation Value"
Behind this multi-billion dollar development, the role of the AMO¡Xsupposedly the gatekeeper of history¡Xhas been heavily questioned.
Public opinion points out that under the guise of "procedural justice," authorities have effectively dismissed the only landmark of Japanese colonial rule in Hong Kong as having no heritage value, even using the "incomplete nature of the foundation structure" as a pretext. However, whether it lacks value does not require expert judgment; any Hong Kong citizen with a basic civic education is fully capable of making that assessment.

1. The 2025 "Toothpaste-Squeezing" Archaeology: A Ritualistic Compromise
In early 2025, licensed archeologists excavating the foundation at the Cameron Mansions construction site discovered metal military swords, stone tablets, and other Gochinmotsu (ritual offerings to appease the earth) buried by Rensuke Isogai during the Japanese occupation.
The unearthing of these military swords should have been a monumental historical discovery that stunned all of Hong Kong, serving as conclusive evidence of the foundation's immense historical and archeological value. However, the Antiquities and Monuments Office (AMO) and the developer adopted a strategy of "retrieving the treasures while abandoning the site":
Decoupling Artifacts from the Site: Officials swiftly confiscated the swords and stone tablets, subsequently declaring to the public that "artifacts of value have been properly preserved."
Depreciating the Base's Value: The remaining massive granite base was categorized as "merely fragments of concrete and stone blocks," "lacking independent architectural aesthetics," and "devoid of value for in-situ preservation." Through this decontextualized interpretation, a complete historical site was dismantled into "a few artifacts" and "a pile of rubble."

2. The Tacit Agreement of "No Grading": A Technical Greenlight via Administrative Means
Under Hong Kong's current heritage conservation framework, only structures designated as "Declared Monuments" enjoy absolute immunity from demolition. Cameron Mansions itself did not fall into this category, and the underground Chureito foundation was consistently given the cold shoulder during the grading evaluation process.
If the AMO were to classify the foundation as a historic building, the developer could legally demand exorbitant financial compensation or a "land exchange," which would heavily burden the government's finances. Consequently, the authorities chose to technically rule that its "conservation value was insufficient." Following this, the Hong Kong government logically issued an approval in May 2026, allowing the foundation to be completely demolished and leveled. This administrative procedure objectively cleared all legal obstacles, giving the developer's project a flawless greenlight.

III. The Historical Cost Beneath Profits: Erasing "Negative Heritage"
Historians frequently invoke the concept of "Negative Heritage"¡Xstructures that document aggression, humiliation, and atrocities. The conservation value of such heritage lies not in its "aesthetic appeal," but in its capacity to serve as a "grim reminder."
The foundation of the Chureito on Mount Cameron in Hong Kong stood as the most direct spatial ironclad proof of the occupation and the fall of Hong Kong during the "three years and eight months" under Japanese rule. Driven by commercial interests, the developer¡Xseeking immense profits from luxury real estate¡Xnaturally could not tolerate an "unlucky" and planning-obstructive Japanese military relic remaining on the site. Meanwhile, the regulatory authorities, aiming to accommodate urban development and avoid conflicts of interest with the business sector, opted for the easiest path: non-intervention.
The ultimate consequence of this tacit collaboration between officials and business is that history has been locked inside museum glass display cases (the swords and stone tablets), whereas the physical site (the foundation)¡Xwhich carried this piece of history and could have served as a landmark for collective memory and patriotic education¡Xhas vanished forever beneath the foundations of luxury peak mansions. The defeat in this "Battle for Mount Cameron's History" once again exposes the weakness and compromise of Hong Kong's heritage conservation system when confronted with massive real estate economic interests.

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1945¦~­»´ä­«¥ú«á, ®L慤¤Ö±N»P¦h¦ì­x¬Fªø©x¦bÁ`·þ©²¼Ó±è¤U¦X·Ó¡C±q¤¤¥i¥HÆ[¹î¨ì, ¼Ó±è¤¤¥¡¦ì¸mªº¡u¤T±ø½u¡v¦¡³]­p»P©¾ÆF¶ðªº³]­p¦p¥X¤@Âá, ¬Ò¥NªíµÛ¤é¦¡¤å¤Æªº·N²[¡C

Following the liberation of Hong Kong in 1945, Rear Admiral Cecil Harcourt and senior military officials took a group photo at the foot of the Governor's House staircase. It can be observed that the "Three Lines" design at the center of the staircase is identical to that of the Chureito, both carrying Japanese cultural symbolism.

1945¦~の­»´ä­«¥ú (¸Ñ©ñ) «á¡Bセシル・ハーコート¤Ö将と­x¬F°ª©xたちが総·þ©²の¶¥¬qの¤Uで°O©À¼¼¼vを¦æった¡Cそこから¡B¶¥¬q¤¤¥¡にある¡u¤T条½u¡v¦¡のデザインが©¾霊¶ðの³]­pと»Å¦üしており¡Bいずれも¤é¥»¤å¤Æの¶H徴を§tんでいることが観¹îできる¡C

1945¦~®Éªº©¾ÆF¶ð¡C (¤W¦â·Ó¤ù¤@) 
The Chureito in 1945. (Colorized Photo 1)
1945¦~当®Éの©¾霊¶ð¡C (カラー¤Æ写¯u1) 

1945¦~®Éªº©¾ÆF¶ð¡C (¤W¦â·Ó¤ù¤G) 
The Chureito in 1945. (Colorized Photo 2)
1945¦~当®Éの©¾霊¶ð¡C (カラー¤Æ写¯u2) 

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A stonemason crafting the giant Chinese character "¶ð" (Tower) for the Chureito. The character was assembled from over ten massive square stone blocks before the grand tower inscription was carved.

©¾霊¶ðに¨Ï¥Îされる¥¨¤jな¡u¶ð¡vの¤å¦rを¨î§@する¥Û¤u¡Cこの¤å¦rは10­Ó¥H¤Wの¥¨¤jな¥¿¤è§Îの¥Ûのブロックを²Õみ¦Xわせて§@られ¡Bその«áに¥¨¤jな¶ð»Êが¨èまれた¡C

1945¦~®Éªº©¾ÆF¶ð¡C (¤W¦â·Ó¤ù¤T) 
The Chureito in 1945. (Colorized Photo 3)
1945¦~当®Éの©¾霊¶ð¡C (カラー¤Æ写¯u3)

1947¦~©¾ÆF¶ð³Q¬µ·´®Éªº·Ó¤ù¡C (¤W¦â·Ó¤ù) 
Photo of the Chureito being demolished in 1947. (Colorized Photo)
1947¦~に©¾霊¶ðがÃz¯}・¸ÑÊ^された»Úの写¯u¡C (カラー¤Æ写¯u) 

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Fragments of the Chureito discovered in the jungles of Mount Cameron on Hong Kong Island, serving as a witness to the historical event eighty years ago when the half-built tower structure was blown up.

­»´ä®q・ª÷°¨­Û¤s (マウント・キャメロン) のジャングル内で発¨£された©¾霊¶ðの¯}¤ù¡Cこれらは¡B80¦~«eに¥b¤Àしか«Ø³]されていなかった¶ðÊ^がÃz¯}された歴¥vªº¨Æ¥óのµý¤Hである¡C


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Historical Background and the Burying of the "Go-Shizumono" (Ritual Implements) 

On December 8, 1942, the Japanese army held a "Ji-chinsai" (groundbreaking ceremony) for the "Chureito" (Loyalty Memorial Tower) atop Bowen Hill on Hong Kong Island. The military sword served as a grand symbol: the Japanese authorities commissioned a master swordsmith to forge it specifically for this purpose. Japanese Governor Isogai Rensuke and other high-ranking officials personally buried the sword, along with stone tablets and wooden artifacts, beneath the tower's foundation. Acting as the "Go-Shizumono" (objects to pacify the land and tower), they symbolized the continuous victories of the Imperial Army and its colonial absolute rule over Hong Kong. 

The Rumor and Disappearance of the Loyalty Memorial Tower's Sacred Implements 
After World War II, the Loyalty Memorial Tower was demolished via explosives by the British Hong Kong Government in 1947, and the original site was later redeveloped into the luxury residential complex, Cameron Mansions. For decades, the location of the military sword remained unknown, deteriorating into an urban legend rumored to be hidden alongside treasures or classified documents. The turning point for its archaeological unearthing arrived in 2025: Cameron Mansions commenced demolition and redevelopment in 2024. During archaeological monitoring at the construction site in early 2025, researchers chipped through the remaining granite foundation of the Loyalty Memorial Tower, finally discovering the metallic sword, stone tablets, and wooden fragments enclosed within a stone box. 

In 2025, the Antiquities and Monuments Office confirmed this discovery, with experts stepping in to conduct restoration and research on the relics. Subsequently, in May 2026, the Hong Kong Government issued a consent agreement, leading to the complete demolition and leveling of the last remaining foundation of the Loyalty Memorial Tower. The entire conservation process ended instantly before it could even begin or be debated. The discovery of this "soul-pacifying sword" brought no genuine pleasant surprise; instead, it merely allowed certain parties to "check a box" for their assignments. The historical mystery was solved, and so arrived the perfect moment to completely erase the historical relic. This regret is now irreversible, yet it leaves room for profound reflection. Tragically, the place where we must look for this reflection lies far away from Hong Kong¡X1,179 kilometers away, in the former capital of the Republic of China, at the Nanjing Liji Lane Comfort Women Asylum Old Site, where the true answers await.  \


歴¥vªº­I´ºと¡u±sÂíª«¡v®I¯Çの¥Ñ来 

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Alleyway of Frozen Tears: The Complete History of the Former Nanjing Liji Lane Comfort Women Asylum Site

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Image of the Comfort Women Asylum Site Museum at Lijiang Lane, Nanjing (1)
«n¨Ê§Q済«Ñ¼¢¦w©Ò旧§}°O©ÀÀ]の写¯u (1) 

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At the main site of the Lijiang Lane Comfort Women Asylum Museum in Nanjing, a bronze statue stands in memory of the female victims. The statue depicts endless weeping and profound sorrow, condemning the Japanese military's coercive methods that forced virtuous women into prostitution, plunging them into boundless suffering.

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In the long river of history, certain place names bear an indelible national trauma. Liji Lane, located in the Qinhuan District of Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China, stands silently behind the bustling Daxinggong commercial district. Within this narrow alleyway, stretching only about 300 meters, remains a cluster of Republic of China-era historical buildings defined by black tiles and square windows. This is the Exhibition Hall of the Former Nanjing Liji Lane Comfort Women Asylum Site¡Xthe largest and best-preserved former "comfort station" of the invading Japanese army in Asia, and the only one personally identified on-site by a living survivor. 

From a high-class residential quarter to a "planning station" (an institutionalized system of sexual slavery) where the Japanese military trampled upon human rights, and finally to today's national-level anti-fascist war memorial monument, Liji Lane, with its broken walls and crumbling bastions, chronicles a blood-and-tear history spanning nearly a century. 

I. Pre-War Precursor: The "Puqing New Village" of a Republic of China General

The origins of the Liji Lane architectural cluster were not always shrouded in gloom. 

Between 1935 and 1937, Yang Chunpu, then a Major General of the Nationalist Army, purchased land in the Liji Lane area of Nanjing and successively built a series of two-story, concrete-and-brick Western-style houses, naming the complex "Puqing New Village." At that time, it was a modern, elegant, and upscale residential area, flanked by sports fields and ponds, with the Nanjing municipal narrow-gauge railway running nearby¡Xa vibrant reflection of the prosperity and daily life of the Republic's capital. However, this tranquility was utterly shattered by the artillery fire of the Japanese army in the winter of 1937. 

II. The Occupation Era: "Higashidumo" and "Kikyoro" Under Japanese National Policy 

In December 1937, the Japanese army captured Nanjing, and the horrific Nanjing Massacre ensued. To suppress international condemnation of the Japanese military's large-scale atrocities of sexual violence, and to prevent the spread of venereal diseases within the ranks to maintain combat effectiveness, the high command of the Japanese military swiftly established the "comfort women" system as a pillar of national policy, executing a planned and organized grid of comfort stations across Nanjing. 

The secluded and multi-structured "Puqing New Village" was immediately seized by the Japanese military and thoroughly re-engineered into a sexual slavery apparatus dedicated to satisfying the primal desires of the imperial troops: 

Liji Lane No. 2 (Higashidumo Comfort Station): Primarily imprisoned young women from the Korean Peninsula and China, mostly catering to ordinary Japanese soldiers. The building was equipped with a ticket office, a bar, and small, partitioned rooms resembling prison cells. 

Liji Lane No. 18 (Kikyoro Comfort Station): Primarily served as a station for Japanese-born "comfort women," which was later integrated with No. 2 and catered predominantly to Japanese military officers. 

Here, countless women were stripped of their fundamental human dignity. The Japanese military institutionalized this site as a component of military logistics through "systematic planning": strictly restricting the women's freedom of movement, enforcing mandatory military medical checkups, and managing them through serial numbers. The cramped attic on the top floor was used as a solitary confinement cell to imprison and brutally beat victims who dared to disobey. This once-warm residential quarter was transformed into a veritable living hell. 

III. Irrefutable Evidence of History: The Tearful Identification by Survivor Park Young-sim 

After the war, this cluster of buildings reverted to civilian use, gradually turning into chaotic residential courtyards and storefronts. The dark history of Liji Lane No. 2 fell into a long, silent slumber under the dust of time. 

It was not until November 2003 that history reached a decisive turning point. Park Young-sim, an elderly survivor and a Korean "comfort woman," returned to Nanjing accompanied by scholars from China, Japan, and South Korea. Although more than half a century had passed and the urban landscape had changed drastically, the elderly woman¡Xrelying entirely on her agonizing memories¡Xprecisely identified Room 19 on the second floor of Liji Lane No. 2 as the exact room where she had been imprisoned and brutally violated by the Japanese army for three long years. 

The tearful, on-site testimony of Park Young-sim tore through the lies of the Japanese right-wing attempting to conceal history. From that moment on, Liji Lane No. 2 became an universally recognized, irrefutable ironclad proof of the Japanese military's "comfort women" system within the global academic community. 

IV. Protection and Rebirth: From Ruins to a National Memorial 

With the rapid tide of urban development, Liji Lane repeatedly faced the crisis of being demolished. However, under the fierce and passionate appeals of numerous historians, National People's Congress representatives, and various sectors of society, this architectural site¡Xwhich carried the profound suffering of nations¡Xwas ultimately preserved in its entirety. 

June 2014: The former Liji Lane Comfort Women Asylum site was officially marked with a historical monument plaque and added to the list of Nanjing Municipal Cultural Relics Protection Units. 

November 2014: The Nanjing Municipal People's Government officially launched the restoration and exhibition curation work, designating the site as a branch hall of the Memorial Hall of the Victims in the Nanjing Massacre by Japanese Invaders. 

December 1, 2015: The newly renovated Exhibition Hall of the Former Nanjing Liji Lane Comfort Women Asylum Site officially opened to the public. 

2019 and 2020: The site was successively designated by the State Council as a member of the "Eighth Batch of Major Historical and Cultural Sites Protected at the National Level" and the "Third Batch of National Anti-Japanese War Memorial Facilities and Sites." 

Today, inside the Liji Lane Exhibition Hall, a massive "Wall of Tears" has been designed, where black-and-white photographs are covered with the frozen tears of multiple "comfort women" survivors who endured a lifetime of vicissitudes. The building's structural framework, the suffocatingly narrow corridors, and even the original medical testing laboratory and the everyday items once used by the victims have been rigorously restored. This devil¡¦s den of vice, systematically engineered by the occupying Japanese military, has weathered decades of storm and rain. It has ultimately transformed into a historical lecture hall that exposes Japanese military atrocities to the world and awakens the human conscience¡Xstanding in deep, silent contemplation in the very heart of downtown Nanjing. 

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From its official identification in 2003 to the formal completion of the exhibition hall in 2015, the path toward conserving the former site of the Nanjing Liji Lane Comfort Women Asylum was anything but smooth. On the contrary, the word "Demolish" was painted in giant characters across these buildings multiple times. Trapped in a multi-sided squeeze of commercial development, conservative traditional mindsets, and political apathy, the site verged on being leveled to the ground on several occasions. 

The following is an in-depth analysis of this "demolition vs. preservation" gamble that spanned over a decade, revealing the layered resistance behind the scenes and illustrating how Nanjing citizens and scholars defended this painful memory with their own flesh and blood. 

I. Why Did "Anti-Conservation" Sentiments and Obstacles Arise?

The reason why the Liji Lane old site was denied official "heritage identification" for so long, and even faced the fate of total erasure, lies in the entanglement of the following three core contradictions: 

1. Commercial Development Interests in a District Where Every Inch of Land Is Gold 

Liji Lane is situated within Nanjing's Daxinggong commercial hub, immediately adjacent to the Presidential Palace, the Central Hotel, and East Zhongshan Road¡Xrendering it one of the most central and astronomically priced prime real estate plots in Nanjing. 

The Lure of the "Premium Land King": During the frenzy of China's urban renewal (demolition and reconstruction) in the 2000s, this Republic of China-era architectural cluster, spanning thousands of square meters, was viewed by developers as a goldmine capable of yielding hundreds of millions in profit. 

Local Fiscal Considerations: Certain grassroots government departments were heavily inclined to lease this plot to real estate tycoons for the construction of high-end office towers or shopping malls, aiming to secure massive upfront land premium fees and long-term commercial tax revenues. 

2. Traditional Mindsets and the "Stigma Theory" Held by Local Officials 

The history of "comfort women" involves severe sexual violence and the utter devastation of human rights. Within the conservative social framework of the past, it was frequently misunderstood as a "shameful history." 

The Fallacy of "Washing Dirty Linen at Home": Some local officials publicly stated that the comfort station symbolized a "tragic, humiliating, and indecent" chapter of national history. Keeping it in the bustling city center would supposedly "damage the city's image" and "look unsightly." They advocated for its demolition under the guise of "getting rid of the old to welcome the new." 

The Defensive Rejection by Local Residents: The ordinary citizens who had lived together in this crowded compound for decades after the war lacked a scientific and historical understanding of this past. Harborside a sense of distaste because the site had once functioned as a "brothel" (a Japanese military brothel), they adopted a passive or outright hostile attitude toward its conservation. 

3. "Planning Paralyzed" by Cross-Regional Administrative Mergers 

The conservation of cultural heritage demands continuous and stable policy support. However, during the critical phase of preserving the Liji Lane old site, Nanjing underwent an administrative rezoning where Baixia District merged into Qinhuai District (creating the new Qinhuai District). The resulting organizational reshuffling and frequent turnover of officials caused the previously submitted applications for the "memorial hall establishment project" to repeatedly evaporate into thin air, plunging the site into an administrative vacuum where "no one took the lead, and no one held accountability." 

II. What Tactics Were Employed to "Engineer Its Demolition"? 

During this decade-long tug-of-war, forces opposing the conservation¡Xcoupled with environmental degradation¡Xresorted to various direct and indirect stratagems, attempting to let these historical buildings "disappear naturally": 

Forced Relocation and Gated Enclosures: As early as 2004 and 2005, developers erected high construction fences around the perimeter of the plot and forcefully evacuated the residents. Amidst the deafening roar of excavators, neighboring non-protected structures crumbled one after another. In an instant, Liji Lane No. 2 was reduced to a desolate "island of demolition," constantly stalked by the imminent peril of being "mistakenly bulldozed." 

Mysterious Fires (2008): In 2008, two sudden and massive blazes broke out within the historical architectural cluster, incinerating the roofs, crossbeams, and windows of most houses. Such "accidental fires"¡Xcuriously frequent occurrences on lands slated for redevelopment¡Xinflicted a near-fatal blow on the buildings' structures, almost allowing them to be logically and legally cleared under the pretext of being "irreparable hazardous ruins." 

Deliberate Abandonment and Desecration: From the aftermath of the fires until 2013, the site was left entirely unmanaged for a prolonged period. Some surrounding neighborhoods even treated this priceless historical vestige as an open-air garbage transfer station and a wasteland. Opponents of preservation attempted to utilize this method of "letting it rot amidst foul stench" to provoke resentment among local residents, thereby engineering a wave of public opinion to "demolish it in accordance with the people's will." 

III. How Did Nanjing Citizens and Scholars Stand Their Ground and Fight Back? 

Faced with the dual crushing weight of capital and political power, the only reason Liji Lane managed to survive was that a group of grassroots scholars, ordinary citizens, and media outlets in Nanjing initiated a protracted and unyielding "cultural relic defense war." 


[The Trilogy of Civic Defense] 

From Ironclad Historical Evidence (Scholar Identification) to an Ocean of Public Opinion (Citizens and Media), and Culminating in Political Pressure (NPC Proposals) 

1. Scholars Racing Against Time to Salvage Ironclad Historical Proof 

Represented by Professor Jing Shenghong of the Department of History at Nanjing Normal University, a group of scholars voluntarily initiated extensive field research into various comfort stations across Nanjing as early as 2000. Upon hearing that Liji Lane was facing imminent demolition, they braved immense pressure and mobilized resources across multiple fronts. Their relentless efforts ultimately facilitated the on-site, personal identification by elderly Korean survivor Park Young-sim in 2003. The tears of this "living evidence" became the most formidable weapon against the excavators of real estate tycoons. 

2. Local Citizens and Media Igniting an Ocean of Public Opinion 

Nanjing's local media outlets (such as Modern Express and Nanjing Daily), standing firm against the interference of commercial interests, provided continuous investigative coverage over several years regarding the dilapidated state of Liji Lane and the shady undercurrents behind the mysterious fires. Nanjing citizens flooded editorial offices with submissions and launched waves of vocal support online. Citizens declared with burning indignation: "If we cannot even safeguard the largest comfort station in Asia, what weapon do we have left to counter the Japanese right-wing when they deny history?" This profound sense of collective historical crisis swiftly crystallized into immense social and public pressure. 

3. Mainland Chinese NPC Representatives and CPPCC Members Standing Ground Within the System 

Buoyed by the roaring tide of public opinion, multiple representatives of the National People's Congress (NPC) and members of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) from Nanjing Municipality, Jiangsu Province, and even the national level submitted dense proposals for the "Urgent Protection of the Former Nanjing Liji Lane Comfort Women Asylum Site" during the annual "Two Wees" sessions for consecutive years. They exerted systemic pressure on the local government from the heights of national security, international diplomacy, and historical justice¡Xultimately compelling the National Cultural Heritage Administration and the Nanjing Municipal Government to intervene and issue an administrative order to "suspend demolition." 

Conclusion 

The conservation triumph of the former Nanjing Liji Lane Comfort Women Asylum site stands as a textbook paradigm of grassroots justice conquering commercial capital. The citizens and scholars of Nanjing harbored a deep conviction that while this architectural relic symbolized humiliation and agony, it was, above all, an irreplaceable piece of "criminal evidence." Allowing it to be swallowed by towering skyscrapers would not only inflict a secondary trauma upon the victimized women but would also constitute an outright betrayal of history. It is precisely this collective obsession with "refusing to forget" that allows people today, behind the cacophony of the commercial district, to gaze upon that grey brick wall wherein the blood and tears of Asian women remain permanently frozen. 


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Gazing into the Landmarks of Darkness: Why We Must Not Erase the Auschwitz Concentration Camp

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From the Comfort Women Memorial Hall at Lijiang Lane in Nanjing, to the wartime Chureito (Loyal Souls Tower) in Hong Kong, and to the Auschwitz-Birkenau Concentration Camp in Poland, these sites bear the heaviest suffering and collective trauma in human history. Confronted with these ruins, which are filled with brutality, bloodshed, and humiliation, an inevitable question arises in people's minds:
"Since this is such a shameful chapter of history and the worst memory for all of humanity, why don't we simply demolish and bury it, instead of spending vast fortunes to preserve it intact?"
History has not been erased because preserving these disaster sites holds four irreplaceable core meanings for contemporary and future generations.
 
1. Defying Oblivion: The Silent Yet Most Powerful Evidence of History
As time marches on, the survivors and perpetrators who personally witnessed this history will pass away one after another. If the concentration camps are demolished, history will gradually turn into a few lines of cold numbers in textbooks, easily questioned or even completely denied by later generations.
The gas chambers, railway tracks, and piles of victims' shoes, eyeglasses, and hair inside the Auschwitz Concentration Camp serve as the most silent yet direct evidence of history. It leaves historical revisionists, who attempt to deny the Holocaust, with nowhere to hide in the face of ironclad proof. Preserving the ruins is done precisely to lock in the authenticity of history.


2. A Warning for the Future: Gazing into the "Banality of Evil" and the Abyss of Human Nature
The German philosopher Hegel once said, "The only thing we learn from history is that we learn nothing from history." The existence of Auschwitz stands as an eternal alarm.
The most insidious aspect it demonstrates is that the Holocaust was not carried out solely by a few madmen. Instead, it was the result of the entire state apparatus, the bureaucratic system, and countless "ordinary, normal people" blindly obeying and indifferently standing by. Preserving this place forces every successor who walks into it to ponder: when extremism, racial hatred, and collective madness rise again, will we also become accomplices who add fuel to the fire?


3. Moving Forward with the Burden: The Perpetrators' Reflection and the Victims' Dignity
For the victims and their descendants, preserving the ruins is not intended to propagate hatred, but to grant the deceased their due dignity. It has become a space for collective mourning, remembrance, and redemption.
For Poland, and later for Germany, the preservation of Auschwitz showcases a mature outlook on history¡Xthe "courage to directly confront ugliness." A truly great and confident nation does not need to maintain its image by erasing a shameful past. Instead, it demonstrates its determination to never repeat these mistakes to the world by acknowledging its errors and preserving the evidence of its crimes. This is precisely why UNESCO inscribed it on the World Heritage List in 1979.
4. Transforming from a "Place of Death" into a "Lecture Hall of Peace"
Today's Auschwitz Concentration Camp is no longer merely a site where tragedy occurred; it has transformed into the world's most important human rights education base.
Every year, millions of young people, students, and international dignitaries visit this place. When people witness firsthand the devastating consequences brought by hatred, what is sparked here is not a mindset of revenge, but a profound identification with peace, tolerance, human rights, and pluralistic values. It transforms the negative energy of history into a defense mechanism that safeguards modern civilization.


5. Memory Is the Only Weapon Against Evil
Just as the famous quote by George Santayana, inscribed on one of the walls of the Auschwitz Concentration Camp, states: "Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it."
Clearing away bad memories may superficially bring a brief comfort of "out of sight, out of mind," but in reality, it cuts off the defensive line that keeps humanity from falling into depravity again. Whether it is Nanjing's Lijiang Lane, Hong Kong's Chureito, or Poland's Auschwitz, these ruins are preserved not for us to wallow in pain and hatred, but to teach us how to walk fearlessly toward the light after having gazed into the darkness.
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それが¥Üしている¡B¨¾ぎようのない®£ろしさは¡B¤j­h±þが¨Mして¤Ö数の¨g¤Hだけで¦¨し¹Eげられたのではないという点にあります¡Cそれは¡B国®a¾÷関¥þÊ^¡B©x¹±Ê^¨î¡BそしてµL数の¡u´¶³qの¥¿±`な¤H々¡vによるª¼¥ØªºなªA従と§N²Hな³Ä観のµ²ªGでした¡Cこの³õ©Òを«O¦sすることは¡Bここを³Xれるすべての«á¥@の¤H々に«ä¦Òを­¢ります¡C·¥ºÝ¥D¸q¡B¤HºØ¼¨悪¡Bそして¶°団ªº¨g気が¦AびÀYをもたげた®É¡B¨pたちもまたその¶Õいをº´る¥[®`ªÌになってしまうのではないか¡Bと¡C

 
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毎¦~¡B¦ó¦ÊÉE¤Hもの­YªÌ¡B学¥Í¡Bそして¦U国の­n¤Hがここを³Xれます¡C¤H々が¼¨しみの¤Îぼした壊·Àªºなµ²¥½を¥Øの当たりにする®É¡Bここで©Iび°_こされるのは³ø´_の¤ß²zではなく¡B¥­©M¡B¥]®e¡B¤H権¡Bそして¦h様な価値観への²`い賛¦Pです¡Cそれは歴¥vの­tのエネルギーを¡B²{¥N¤å©úを¦uる¨¾½Ãメカニズムへと変¤Æさせているのです¡C


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アウシュヴィッツ±j¨î収®e©Òの¾Àの¤@つに¨èまれているジョージ・サンタヤーナ (George Santayana) の¦W¨¥にある³qりです¡C¡u¹L¥hを§ÑれるªÌは¡B¦Pじ¹Lちをò²りªðす¹B©Rにある¡v
¤£³£¦Xな°O¾Ðを®øし¥hることは¡Bªí­±¤Wは¡u¥Øに¤Jらなければ²M々する¡vという¤@®Éªºな¼¢めをもたらすかもしれませんが¡B実½èªºには¤HÃþが¦Aび堕¸¨するのを¨¾ぐ¨¾½Ã½uを断ち¤Áることになります¡C«n¨Ê§Q済«Ñであれ¡B­»´ä©¾霊¶ðであれ¡Bポーランドのアウシュヴィッツであれ¡Bこれらの¿ò¸ñが«O¦sされているのは¡B¨pたちが­Wµhや¼¨しみに¨H·Äするためではありません¡Cîîを¨£つめた«á¡Bどのようにして®£れることなく¥úへと歩みを¶iめるべきかを¡B¨pたちに²z¸Ñさせるためなのです¡C

ªiÄõ§J©Ô¬ì¤Ò¦è«n¤èªº¶ø´µ«Â¨¯¶°¤¤Àç¤@¸¹Àç (Auschwitz I) , ¬°¥D­nªº¦æ¬FºÞ²z¤¤¤ß»P³Ò°ÊÀç, ³Ìªì¥Î§@Ãö©ã¬Fªv¥Ç¡C (¹Ï¤ù¤@) 

Auschwitz I, located southwest of Kraków, Poland, served as the primary administrative center and labor camp, initially used to imprison political prisoners. (Image 1)

ポーランド・クラクフの«n¦èに¦ì¸mするアウシュヴィッツ²Ä¤@収®e©Ò (¥D収®e©Ò) は¡B¥D­nな¦æ¬FºÞ²zセンターおよび労働収®e©Òであり¡B当ªìは¬Fªv¥Çを収®eするために¨Ï¥Îされていた¡C (写¯u1) 

ªiÄõ§J©Ô¬ì¤Ò¦è«n¤èªº¶ø´µ«Â¨¯¶°¤¤Àç¤@¸¹Àç (Auschwitz I) , ¬°¥D­nªº¦æ¬FºÞ²z¤¤¤ß»P³Ò°ÊÀç, ³Ìªì¥Î§@Ãö©ã¬Fªv¥Ç¡C (¹Ï¤ù¤G) 

Auschwitz I, located southwest of Kraków, Poland, served as the primary administrative center and labor camp, initially used to imprison political prisoners. (Image 2)

ポーランド・クラクフの«n¦èに¦ì¸mするアウシュヴィッツ²Ä¤@収®e©Ò (¥D収®e©Ò) は¡B¥D­nな¦æ¬FºÞ²zセンターおよび労働収®e©Òであり¡B当ªìは¬Fªv¥Çを収®eするために¨Ï¥Îされていた¡C (写¯u2) 

ªiÄõ§J©Ô¬ì¤Ò¦è«n¤èªº¶ø´µ«Â¨¯¶°¤¤Àç¤G¸¹Àç (Auschwitz II - Birkenau) , ¬O³W¼Ò³Ì¤jªº·Àµ´Àç, ¤º³¡³]¦³¤j¶q¬r®ð«Ç»PµI«ÍÄl¡C (¹Ï¤ù¤G) 

Auschwitz II - Birkenau, located southwest of Kraków, Poland, was the largest extermination camp, equipped with a large number of gas chambers and crematoria. (Image 2)

ポーランド・クラクフの«n¦èに¦ì¸mするアウシュヴィッツ²Ä¤G収®e©Ò (ビルケナウ) は¡B³Ì¤j³W¼Òの絶·À収®e©Òであり¡B内³¡には¦h数のガス«Çと¤õ¸®炉が³]¸mされていた¡C (写¯u2) 


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Conclusion

けつろん


®É¦Ü¤µ¤é­»´ä³ºµM¦³¤H­n¨D©^¥X®IÂæb©¾ÆF¶ð°ò¦¤U¤K¤Q¦h¦~ªº¦´¤ì´ÝÅK, ¨Ó«Å´­·R°ê¥D¸q±Ð¨|, ¤é¥»«IµØªºÃÒ¾Ú¤£¬O³Q®ø·À¤F¶Ü¡H¦P¼Ë嘅¤@µf«äºû¡ã¸g¾ú¤H¬°¯}ÃaºR´Ýªº«n¨Ê§QÀ٫Ѽ¢¦w©Ò¿ò§}, ¦pªG¾ã­Ó«Ø¿v¸s²¾¥­©î¨ø¤§«á, ¦a²£°Ó·|«Ü°ª¿³ªº¡I¤§«á§â´X¶ô¿jÀY©ñ¶i³Õª«À]¤º, «Å´­·R°ê¥D¸q±Ð¨|, §A°Ý«n¨Ê¤Hµª¤£µªÀ³¡I

"To this day, it is unbelievable that some people in Hong Kong are actually demanding to revere the decayed wood and rusted iron buried under the foundation of the Chureito (Loyal Souls Tower) for over 80 years, all to promote patriotic education. Hasn't the evidence of Japan's invasion of China already been wiped out? Applying the exact same logic¡Xtake the comfort women asylum site at Lijiang Lane in Nanjing, which has survived human sabotage and destruction. If that entire architectural complex were leveled and demolished, property developers would be absolutely thrilled! Then, they could just put a few bricks into a museum to 'promote patriotic education.' Go ask thepeople of Nanjing if they would ever agree to that!"

¡u¤µ¤éになっても­»´äでは¡B·R国¥D¸q±Ð¨|を±À¶iするためだとして¡B©¾霊¶ðの°ò¦の¤Uに80¦~¥H¤Wも®Iもれていた¦´ち¤ìや鉄くずを©^り¥Xそうと­n¨Dする¤Hがいるとは¡B§bれたものだ¡C¤é¥»による¤¤国«I²¤のµý拠は¡Bすでに®øし¥hられたのではなかったのか¡H まったく¦Pじ«ä¦Ò¦^¸ôで¨¥えば¡B¤H¬°ªºな¯}壊と¿ä躙を経験した«n¨Êの§Q済«Ñ¼¢¦w©Ò¿ò¸ñはどうなる¡Cもしあの«Ø¿v¸s¥þÊ^が§ó¦aにされて¨úり壊されれば¡B¤£°Ê産¶}発·~ªÌは¤j³ßびするだろう¡I その«á¡B数­Óのレンガを³Õª«À]に¤Jれて¡y·R国¥D¸q±Ð¨|を±À¶iする¡zと¨¥ったら¡B«n¨Êの¥«¥Áが©Óª¾するかどうか¡B»Dいてみるがいい¡I¡v

 

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"The further back you can look, the farther forward you are likely to see." 

Winston Churchill 

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