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Integrating artistic design concepts, this project beautifully frames Hokutolite alongside the rare Taiwanese broad-tailed swallowtail.

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This project was specially created,Rendered in the classical Meiji-era Ukiyo-e "Nishiki-e" style, the artwork features a Broad-tailed Swallowtail butterfly as the central subject. In the background are the roof tiles, intricate window lattices of Japanese-style wooden inns, and the rippling ripples of a flowing stream in the Beitou hot spring village. Flanking both sides are the crystalline lines of Hokutolite minerals and vertically rising hot spring steam, exuding a rich sense of Taiwanese historical nostalgia.

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The "Agehana maraho (Taiwan Broad-tailed Swallowtail)," the "phantom butterfly" that has soared through thousands of years of the Ice Age. With the vivid, fish-tail-shaped red spots on its broad, interconnected hindwings, it proudly dons the honor of the Atayal mountain "chieftain/chief (Maraho)." Hokutolite, a hot spring treasure hidden amidst the curling geothermal mists of the Tatun Volcano Group. After enduring centuries of continuous tempering by volcanoes and highly acidic creek waters, its mysterious identity¡Xharboring the trace radioactive element "Radium"¡Xwas unlocked by the accidental exposure of a packet of undeveloped film.

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Formosan Natural Monuments: Agehana maraho and Hokutolite



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Preface: The Wings of the National Treasure Imprinted in the Attic of the Octagonal Pavilion

Let us turn back the wheel of time to the midsummer of June 1989. It was a turbulent era, pushed forward by the colossal waves of history. The gunfire and cries from Beijing's Tiananmen Square and its surroundings had just subsided, and the shadow of the Chinese Communist regime¡¦s violent suppression of the democratic movement loomed over the world. At that time in Macau, the streets were emptied as people poured out; every avenue and alley bustled with the passionate blood and grief of supporting the patriotic democratic movement. Every true Macanese was swept up in an unprecedented surge of patriotism. 
Yet, on that stirring but suffocating midsummer afternoon, while the storms raged outside, the interior of the Macau Octagonal Pavilion Reading Room appeared exceptionally desolate. The readers who usually filled every seat had now taken to the streets. Seeking a sliver of tranquility amidst the clamor of the times, I walked into the Octagonal Pavilion alone. Climbing the wooden staircase to that secluded, serene attic, it was there that I had my first soul-stirring encounter with the natural wonders of Taiwan. 
The Octagonal Pavilion back then possessed a richness and professionalism in its collection that no ordinary library could match. On that heavy row of bookshelves in the attic, I happened to pull out a few extremely rare, beautifully printed, and highly scholarly 16-mo (quarto-sized) large specialized volumes (oversized books). That was the first time I systematically discovered Taiwan¡¦s rare butterfly species through such a clear and grand visual medium. It was on that very afternoon that the names "Taiwan Broad-tailed Swallowtail" (Agehana maraho) and "Magellan Birdwing" (Troides magellanus), along with the majestic stance of their outspread wings, leaped into my sight side by side for the first time. 
Later on, although I also studied the exquisite and professional pocket-sized butterfly monographs meticulously compiled by the renowned entomologist Professor Chen Wei-shou, the most irreplaceable treasures in my heart remained those few visually stunning, rigorously researched large specialized volumes in the attic of the Octagonal Pavilion. 
It was a wondrous experience where history, space, and natural aesthetics intertwined. Within those yellowed yet thick pages, I was deeply captivated¡Xespecially by the Taiwan Broad-tailed Swallowtail, revered as the "National Treasure Butterfly of Taiwan." From a scientific perspective, its body and wings consist solely of three pure colors¡Xred, white, and black¡Xwithout a single trace of impurity. Yet, within this minimalist palette, its unique, wide tail projection, traversed by two wing veins, exudes an unparalleled and magnificent grandeur. It is an innate elegance and luxury, gazing proudly from within the misty forests of the high mountains. 
Since the midsummer of 1989, this memory has crossed the strait and the years, merging with the turbulent memories of that era to be forever imprinted upon my heart. This feature feature will lead readers across time and space to relive this journey of natural exploration that began in a historical attic. Moving through the mist of words, we shall gaze once more upon this dreamlike butterfly that has captivated countless cultural historians and ecologists, experiencing that noble soul which remains fresh through time and never fades. 

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The "Tai-Zhi" (Taiwan character) emblem represents the official crest of the Taiwan Governor-General's Office. Placed at the very center of the graduation certificate, it carries a profound political symbolism and systemic implication. This signifies that the certificate was officially bestowed and authenticated by the Japanese imperial colonial regime and the Governor-General's Office, serving as a formal validation of national identity and honor.

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Preface II: Blood and Redemption Beneath the Butterfly Wings: A Colonial Trilogy of Taiwanese Indigenous Peoples, Scientific Fanaticism, and Spiritual Deprivation Under Japanese Rule


In the grand narrative of Taiwanese history, the 1930s was a turbulent era filled with bloodshed, contradiction, and spiritual tearing. Opening this chapter of history reveals a highly bizarre parallel universe. On one hand, the mountains witnessed the cruel suppression of primitive forces by modernized firearms, embedding a blood feud between the indigenous peoples and the colonial government. On the other hand, in those very same mountains, Japanese scientists used the most sublime indigenous honorific to bestow an eternal scientific name upon a dreamlike butterfly. Behind both of these lay a cold, routine practice by the colonial regime to precisely castrate the souls of the ruled. The complexity of this history can be deeply analyzed through three core perspectives.
I. The Deep Blood Feud of the "Iron-Blood Indigenous Management Policy": From the Truku War to the Wushe Incident
Since Japan took control of Taiwan in 1895, the "camphor" and "timber" of the mountain forests became the black and green gold that the colonial empire eagerly plundered. To gain absolute control over this wealth, the Japanese colonial government launched a decades-long "Iron-Blood Indigenous Management Policy" against indigenous groups like the Atayal and Seediq, who occupied the deep mountains to defend their traditional hunting grounds and "headhunting" culture.
In 1914, the fifth Governor-General of Taiwan, Samata Sakuma, launched the "Truku War." Deploying regular troops, heavy artillery, and warships, a force of ten thousand soldiers pinced over two thousand Truku people who possessed only flintlock rifles, bathing the forests in blood. The subsequent high-pressure rule, harsh forced labor, and racial discrimination eventually triggered the internationally shocking "Wushe Incident" in 1930. Mona Rudao led the Seediq people (then classified under the Atayal) in a desperate yet tenacious armed resistance, while the Japanese military did not hesitate to violate international conventions by using poison gas for a genocidal crackdown. In that era, the indigenous peoples saw their homes destroyed, hunting grounds seized, and the laws of their ancestral spirits trampled. Both sides bled profusely, creating an irreconcilable blood feud.
II. The Parallel Tracks of Science and Politics: The "Chief" Paean on Butterfly Wings and Academic Fanaticism
However, before the bloody smoke of armed conflict had even dissipated, another group of Japanese appeared in the high mountains and deep valleys of Taiwan¡Xthey held insect nets instead of guns. These Japanese biologists in Taiwan demonstrated values entirely different from the high-pressure politics of the colonial government.
In 1932, after collecting the extremely rare Broad-tailed Swallowtail Butterfly (Agehana maraho) in the mountains of Yilan, Professor Tokuichi Shiraki, who headed the entomology chair at Taihoku Imperial University, and his team were deeply stunned by this breathtakingly beautiful butterfly with double tail projections penetrated by wing veins. To highlight this rare species' supreme status in the butterfly kingdom, Shiraki decided to use the word "Maraho," which means "chief" or "leader" in the Atayal language, naming it Agehana maraho.
This naming indeed had absolutely nothing to do with the colonial government's "appeasement policy." Instead, it demonstrated the parallel development of science and politics. Politically, colonial bureaucrats viewed the indigenous peoples as "savages" (fanren) who needed to be tamed. Yet, within the scientists' academic romance and pure fanaticism, the powerful, majestic image of the indigenous chief as the ruler of the mountains became the ultimate symbol to praise this "King of Butterflies." Guided by their own academic values, these Japanese scientists unexpectedly preserved a trace of dignity for indigenous culture amidst a cold colonial rule.
III. Spiritual Deprivation in Education: The Colonial Routine from Japanization to the Takasago Volunteers
While scientists were leaving a tribute to the rulers of the mountains on the wings of a butterfly, the state apparatus of the colonial regime was executing a deeper, more brutal piece of social engineering. This is precisely the "educational routine syndrome" that all historical neo-colonialists inevitably implement when ruling new territories¡Xthe complete deprivation of the ruled population's ethnic soul through psychological and educational means.
After brutally suppressing the first generation of indigenous resistance, the Japanese government knew well that "force can subdue people, but it cannot win their hearts." Consequently, they established numerous "Aboriginal Children's Educational Institutes" (bando kyoikusho) in mountain villages to implement intensive Japanization (Kominka) education. Through Japanese language instruction, Shinto indoctrination, and absolute loyalty to the Emperor of the Empire of Japan, the colonizers precisely castrated the traditional historical memory and ancestral spirit beliefs (such as headhunting) of the next generation of indigenous youth, reshaping their national identity.
The results of this "spiritual deprivation" reached a tragic climax following the outbreak of the Pacific War. The second generation of indigenous youth, who grew up listening to Japanese military songs and receiving Japanese-style education, were driven by a reshaped national identity and a psychological urge to prove their dignity. As a result, they were forced or volunteered to enlist in the "Takasago Volunteers." Forgetting the blood feud between their fathers and the Japanese, they instead took up arms and headed to the tropical rainforests of the South Seas, fighting and dying out of loyalty to the colonial empire that had once slaughtered their ancestors.
The maraho (chief) in the scientific name of the Broad-tailed Swallowtail Butterfly represents a touch of academic reverence from Japanese scientists outside the smoke of politics. Conversely, the cries of the Takasago Volunteers in the jungles of the South Seas echo the historical tragedy of colonial education successfully stripping away a nation's soul. Intertwined in 1930s Taiwan, these two phenomena formed a colonial historical tapestry that was simultaneously beautiful and cruel, rational and mad. It serves as a stark reminder to posterity of the historical contradictions inherent to Taiwan.

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"Japanization" and the "Reshaping of National Identity"
This graduation certificate (completion certificate) from the Katō Public Elementary School in Takao Prefecture under the Taiwan Governor-General's Office during the Japanese colonial period serves as a historical physical artifact witnessing the colonial regime's implementation of its educational system, "Japanization" (Kominka), and the "reshaping of national identity." In the early stages of Japanese rule, "Aboriginal Children's Educational Institutes" (bando kyoikusho) were established in mountain tribal areas, while "Public Schools" (kogakko) were set up in the lowlands. By 1941 (Showa 16), in order to further promote the concept of "Emperor and Subjects as One Body," the Japanese government unified all public and elementary schools across Taiwan into "Public Elementary Schools" (kokumin gakko). This 1943 certificate is a direct product of that educational system reform. The student, named Chen Yu-yun, was born in 1930 (the exact year the Wushe Incident erupted) and graduated from the primary elementary course in 1943, a time when the Pacific War was in full swing. The youth of this generation represent the second-generation Taiwanese youth described in the text¡Xthose who "grew up listening to Japanese military songs and receiving Japanese-style education." Against that historical backdrop, their national identity and traditional historical memories were being precisely reshaped through the very educational system that lay behind this certificate.

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©è§Üする²Ä¤@¥@¥Nの­ì¦í¥ÁをªZ¤Oで残»ÅにÂí圧した«á¡B¤é¥»¬F©²は¡uªZ¤Oで¤Hは従わせられても¡B¤ßまでは従わせられない¡vということをµh·Pしていた¡Cそこで©¼らは¡B¤s¦aの¶°¸¨に¦h数の¡uµfµ£±Ð¨|©Ò¡vを³]¸mし¡B°ª±j«×の¬Ó¥Á¤Æ±Ð¨|を±À¶iした¡C¤é¥»»y±Ð¨|¡B¯«¹D«ä·Qのª`¤J¡Bそして¤j¤é¥»«Ò国¤Ñ¬Óへの絶対ªº©¾¸Ûを³qじて¡B´Ó¥Á¦a権¤Oは¦¸¥@¥Nの­ì¦í¥ÁからÉ´²Îªºな歴¥vの°O¾Ðや¡u¥X¯ó¡]­º¬¼り¡^¡vの¯ª霊«H¥õをºë±Kに¥h¶Õし¡Bその国®aアイデンティティを¦Aºc¿vしていったのである¡C
この¡u»îの剥¹Ü¡vの¦¨ªGは¡B¤Ó¥­¬v戦争の«k発によって´d¼@ªºな³»点に¹Fした¡C¤é¥»の­xºqを聴き¡B¤é¥»¦¡の±Ð¨|を¨üけて¨|った²Ä¤G¥@¥Nの­ì¦í¥Á«C¦~たちは¡B§Î¦¨された国®a·NÃÑと¡B¦Ûらの´L厳をµý©úしたいという¤ß²zªº½Ä°Êに駆られ¡B¡u°ª¬â¸q«i¶¤¡vへと°Ê­û¡Bあるいは§ÓÄ@していった¡C©¼らは¤÷¯ªの¥@¥Nが¤é¥»¤Hと¥æわした¦å®üの¤³を§Ñれ¡Bかつて¤vの¯ª¥ýを­h±þした´Ó¥Á¦a«Ò国の§QのためにªZ¾¹を¨úり¡B«n¬vの¼ö帯«BªLへと­uいて©¾¸Ûを»}い¡B©Rを¸¨としたのである¡C
フトオアゲハの学¦Wに¨èまれた¡umaraho¡]マラホ¡þÀY¥Ø¡^¡vは¡B¬Fªvのµv·Ïの¥~で¤é¥»の¬ì学ªÌが¥Üした学³Nªºな·q·Nのªíれである¡C¤@¤èで¡B«n¬vのジャングルにÅTき´çった°ª¬â¸q«i¶¤の¥sびは¡B´Ó¥Á¦a±Ð¨|がひとつの¥Á±Úの»îを剥¹Üすることに¦¨¥\した歴¥vªº´dºqであった¡Cこの¤Gつの¨Æ¶Hは1930¦~¥Nの¥x湾でªíùؤ@Ê^として¦s¦bし¡B¬üしくも残»Åで¡B²z©Êªºでありながら¨g気に満ちた´Ó¥Á¦a歴¥vの絵巻をºc¦¨している¡Cそれは«á¥@に対し¡B¥x湾が内¥]する歴¥vªº¥Ù¬Þを±jくª«»yっている¡C

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The book "The Colorful Butterflies of Taiwan" was written by Mr. Chen Wei-shou, and it serves as one of the very books that enlightened my own research into butterflies. Chen Wei-shou (1931¡V2025) was a renowned national treasure-level entomologist and ecological educator in Taiwan. Widely honored as "Taiwan's Mr. Butterfly" or the "Grandpa of Butterflies," he holds an extraordinarily sublime and revered position in the field of Taiwanese butterfly research.

¡y»OÆWªº±m½º(¥x湾の±mる½º) ¡zは³¯ºû寿(チェン・ウェイショウ) ¥ý¥ÍのµÛ®Ñであり¡Bµ§ªÌの½ºÃþ¬ã¨sにおける啓»X®Ñ(­ì点) の¤@つでもあります¡C³¯ºû寿¥ý¥Í(1931-2025) は¡B¥x湾のµÛ¦Wな国宝¯Åの©ø¦ä学ªÌであり¥ÍºA±Ð¨|®aでもあります¡C¡u¥x湾のミスター・バタフライ¡vや¡u½º々おじいさん¡vと称えられ¡B¥x湾の½ºÃþ¬ã¨sにおいて«D±`に±R°ªな¦a¦ìを¿vかれました¡C


¥»±MÃD±N¤¶²Ð¥xÆW¼e§À»ñ½º»P¥_§ë¥Û

»OÆW¤sªL»P·Ë¨¦ªº¥@¬ö¶Ç©_¡G¤Û¤§½º»P¤£·À¤§¥Û
¦bºÖº¸¼¯¨Fªº¦ÛµMµo²{¥v¤¤, ¦³¨âÁû¸ó¶V¥@¬öªºÄ£²´ºÀÄ_¡C
¤@¬O¡u¥xÆW¼e§À»ñ½º¡v, ¨e¬O­¸¶V¤d¸U¦~¦Bªe·³¤ëªº¡u¤Û¤§½º¡v¡C¾ÌÂǵ۫á¯Í¼e¤j¬Û³sªº©úÆv³½§Àª¬¬õ´³, °ª¶Æ¦aÀ¹¤W®õ¶®±Ú¤sªL¡u­©ªø/ÀY¥Ø(Maraho) ¡vªººaÅA, ¥H¡u¤K¦Ê¶ê½º¡vªº¶Ç©_¨­»ù¾_¾Ù°ê»Ú¦¬ÂìÉ, ¦¨¬°»O¤j©øÂξǨt¥N¥N¬Û¶ÇªºÂíÀ]°êÄ_¡C

¤G¬O¡u¥_§ë¥Û¡v, ¨e¬OÁô°Î©ó¤j¤Ù¤õ¤s¸s¦a¼ö·ÏÃú¤¤ªº·Å¬uºÀÄ_¡C¾ú¸g¤õ¤s»P±j»Ä·Ë¤ô¤d¦Ê¦~ªº²fÁå, ¦]¤@¥]¥¼¨R¬~©³¤ùªº·N¥~Ãn¥ú, ¸Ñ¶}¤FÅ餺ĭ§t·L¶q©ñ®g©Ê¤¸¯À¡uÅJ¡vªº¯«¯¦¨­¥@¡C¨e¬O¦a²y¼Æ¤dºØÄqª«¤¤, °ß¤@¥H»OÆW¦a¦W©R¦Wªºµ}¥@Äqª«, ±N¥_§ë¤§¦W¥Ã»·¼g¶i¤F¥þ²y¬ì¾Çªº¦r¨å¸Ì¡C
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This special project will introduce the Taiwan broad-tailed swallowtail butterfly and hokutolite

Centennial Legends of Taiwan's Mountains and Gorges: The Phantom Butterfly and the Immortal Stone
In the history of natural discoveries in Formosa, there lie two radiant treasures that have spanned over a century.
The first is the "Agehana maraho (Taiwan Broad-tailed Swallowtail)," the "phantom butterfly" that has soared through thousands of years of the Ice Age. With the vivid, fish-tail-shaped red spots on its broad, interconnected hindwings, it proudly dons the honor of the Atayal mountain "chieftain/chief (Maraho)." It once shocked the international collecting world with its legendary bounty as the "Eight Hundred Yen Butterfly," and has now become a deeply cherished, crown jewel specimen passed down through generations at the NTU Department of Entomology.
The second is Hokutolite, a hot spring treasure hidden amidst the curling geothermal mists of the Tatun Volcano Group. After enduring centuries of continuous tempering by volcanoes and highly acidic creek waters, its mysterious identity¡Xharboring the trace radioactive element "Radium"¡Xwas unlocked by the accidental exposure of a packet of undeveloped film. Out of thousands of minerals on Earth, it is the only one named after a Taiwanese locality, forever inscribing the name of Beitou into the global dictionaries of science.
This is a story of a romantic encounter between the pupation of life and the crystallization of a mineral¡Xand above all, a most precious scientific and historical gift presented by the land of Taiwan to all of humanity.

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¥»¯S¶°では¡Bタイワンカラスアゲハ(¥x湾寛§À»ñ½º) と¥_§ë¥Ûについてご²Ð¤¶します

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¤@つは¡B¦ó¤dÉE¦~もの氷ªe´Áを­¸び¶Vえてきた¡u¤Ûの½º¡vことタイワンフタオツバメ(¥x湾寛§À»ñ½º) である¡C«á¯Íに広がるÂAやかな³½の§Àのような§Îの¨ª´³を携え¡Bタイヤル±Úの¤sªLの¡uÀY¥Ø(マラホ) ¡vの¤ý«aを¸ØらしげにÀ¹く¡Cかつて¡u¤K¦Ê円½º¡vというÉ´説ªºな価値で国»Úªºな収¶°¬Éを¾_¾Ùさせ¡B²{¦bは¥x湾¤j学©ø©ø¦ä学¨tに¥N々¨üけ継がれる³Ì°ªのÀ]宝となっている¡C
もう¤@つは¡B¤j¤Ù¤õ¤s¸sの¥ßち¤Wる´ö·Ïの¤¤に隠された温¬uの¦Ü宝¡B¥_§ë¥Û(ホクトライト) である¡C¤õ¤sと±j»Ä©Êの渓¬yによる数¤d¦~の¸Õ½mを経て°öわれ¡B¥¼²{¹³フィルムが°¸µM·P¥úしたことによって¡BそのÊ^に·¥·L¶qの©ñ®g©Ê¤¸¯À¡uラジウム¡vを¯µめた¯«¯µªºな¯À顔が¸Ñき©úかされた¡C¦a²y¤Wに数¤dºØある鉱ª«の¤¤で¡B°ß¤@¥x湾の¦a¦Wが¥Iけられたµ}¥@の鉱ª«であり¡B¡u¥_§ë¡vの¦Wを¥@¬Éの¬ì学および¦a½è学の辞¨åに¥Ã»·に¨èみ込んだ¡C
これは¡B¥Í©Rの¦Ð¤Æと鉱ª«のµ²´¹が¥X会ったロマンチックなÁÛ°mであり¡B¥x湾の¤g¦aが¥þ¤HÃþにÃØった³Ìも¶Q­«な¬ì学と歴¥vのÃØりª«なのである¡C


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Professor Tokuichi Shiraki (1882¡V1970) of Taihoku Imperial University, who was the earliest researcher of the Agehana maraho (Taiwanese broad-tailed swallowtail butterfly)

¥x湾の¡uマルバネアゲハ(タイワンクチバシアゲハ) ¡vを³Ìも¦­く¬ã¨sした¡B¥x¥_«Ò国¤j学の¯À¤ì±o¤@(しらき とくいち) ±Ð±Â(1882-1970)

³o±i·Ó¤ù¥X¦Û 2017 ¦~°ê¥ß»OÆW³Õª«À]©Ò¥Xª©ªº¾ÉÄý±M®Ñ¡G¡mµo²{»OÆW¡G­«³X»OÆW³Õª«¾Ç»P³Õª«¾Ç®aªº¦~¥N¡n¡]Discovering Taiwan: Re-visiting the Age of Natural History and Naturalists of Taiwan¡^¡C¦b®Ñ¤¤ªº»OÆW©øÂλP½¹½º½g³¹¤¤¡A¯S§O¥H¡u»OÆW½ºÃþ¤§¤¤¤§¤ý¡v¨Ó§Î®e»OÆW¼e§À»ñ½º¡A¨Ã¤¶²Ð¤F¤éªv®É´Á 1935 ¦~¼e§À»ñ½º³Q¥¿¦¡«ü©w¬°¡u¤ÑµM¬ö©Àª«¡vªº¾ú¥v¡A¨Ï¨ä¦¨¬°·í®É¥þ»OÆW°ß¤@¨ü¨ìªk«ß¸T®·«OÅ@ªº©øÂΡC¦¹¥~¡A®Ñ¤¤¥ç¥Z¥X¤F 1935 ¦~ 12 ¤ë 13 ¤é¡m»OÆW¤é¤é·s³ø¡nÃö©ó¼e§À»ñ½º³Q«ü©w¬°¤ÑµM¬ö©Àª«ªº¬Ã¶Q¾ú¥v³ø¯È³ø¾É¡C

This photograph originates from the 2017 guidebook published by the National Taiwan Museum, titled Discovering Taiwan: Re-visiting the Age of Natural History and Naturalists of Taiwan. In the chapters dedicated to Taiwanese insects and butterflies, the broad-tailed swallowtail butterfly (Agehana maraho) is hailed as the "King of Butterflies in Taiwan." The text details its history during the Japanese colonial period when it was officially designated as a "Natural Monument" in 1935, making it the only insect in Taiwan at the time legally protected from capture. Furthermore, the book features a precious historical newspaper report from the Taiwan Nichinichi Shimpo dated December 13, 1935, covering the announcement of this natural monument designation.

この写¯uは¡B2017¦~に国¥ß¥x湾³Õª«À]が¥Z¦æした¸Ñ説専®Ñ¡y発¨£¥x湾¡G¥x湾³Õª«学と³Õª«学ªÌの®É¥Nを¦A³Xする¡z¡]Discovering Taiwan: Re-visiting the Age of Natural History and Naturalists of Taiwan¡^からのものです¡C¥»®Ñの¥x湾の©ø¦äと½ºに関する³¹では¡B¥x湾のフトオアゲハが¡u¥x湾½ºÃþの¤¤の¤ý¡vと称されており¡B¤é¥»²Îªv®É¥Nの1935¦~に¡u¤ÑµM°O©Àª«¡vに¥¿¦¡«ü©wされた歴¥vが²Ð¤¶されています¡Cこれにより¡B当®É¥x湾で°ß¤@¡Bªk«ßで±Ä¶°が¸T¤îされ«OÅ@された©ø¦äとなりました¡Cまた¡B»x­±には1935¦~12¤ë13¤é¥Iの¡y¥x湾¤é¤é·s³ø¡zにおける¡Bフトオアゲハの¤ÑµM°O©Àª««ü©wに関する¶Q­«な歴¥vªº³ø¹Dも掲¸üされています¡C


³o­Ó¦WºÙ´y­zªº¬O¥xÆW¼e§À»ñ½º(¾Ç¦W¡GPapilio maraho, ²§¦W¡GAgehana maraho) ¡C
³o¶µ´y­z»P¾Ç¦W­I«á¦³µÛ«D±`¸g¨åªº¥xÆW©øÂξǾú¥v­I´º¡G

®Ö¤ßª«ºØ¡G¥¦«üªº¬O¥xÆW¯S¦³ªº¤G¯Å«O¨|Ãþ¬Ãµ}½¹½º¡ã¥xÆW¼e§À»ñ½º¡C¥¦³Ì¨ã¥Nªí©Êªº¯S¼x¬O«á¯Í¨ã¦³¼e¤jªº§À¬ð, ¥B¯S§O¦a¦³¨â±ø¯Í¯ß³e¬ï, ¦b¥þ¥@¬É©Ò¦³»ñ½º¤¤, ¥u¦³¥¦»P¤¤°ê¤j³°ªº¤¤µØ¼e§À»ñ½º¾Ö¦³¦¹¯S¼x, ¦]¦¹¦³¡u°ê½º¡v¤§¬üÅA¡C 

1932¦~©R¦W¥Ñ¨Ó(Shiraki & Sonan) , ³o°¦¬Ãµ}ªº½¹½º­º«×¦b©yÄõ«n¿D³Q±Ä¶°µo²{¡CÀH«á¥Ñ¥x¥_«Ò°ê¤j¾Çªº¯À¤ì±o¤@(Tokuichi Shiraki) ±Ð±Â»P¨ä§U¤â·¡«n¤¯³Õ(Jinhaku Sonan) ©ó1934¦~¦@¦Pµoªí©R¦W, ¨Ã¥H®õ¶®±Ú»y¤¤¥NªíÀY¥Ø¡B­©ªøªº¡umaraho¡v§@¬°¨äºØ¤p¦W¡C 

¥­¤s­×¦¸­¦»P¼e§À»ñ½ºÄÝ(Agehana) ¡G¤é¥»µÛ¦W©øÂξǮa¥­¤s­×¦¸­¦¦b¨äµÛ§@(¦p¡m­ì¦â¤dºØ©øÂιÏÃСnµ¥) ¤¤´¿®i¥Ü¨Ã¦¬¿ý¥xÆWªº¬Ãµ}©øÂΡC¦­´Á¤ÀÃþ¾Ç¤W, ¬ì¾Ç®a(¦pªQ§øªQ¦~) »{¬°¥¦ªº«á¯Íµ²ºc¤Ó¹L¿W¯S, À³¸Ó¿W¥ß¦¨¤@­Ó¡u¼e§À»ñ½ºÄÝ(Agehana) ¡v, ¦]¦¹¦b¹L¥h«Üªø¤@¬q®É¶¡, ¥¦ªº¾Ç¦W³£³Q¼g§@ Agehana maraho¡CÁöµM²{¥N°ò¦]©w§Ç¤wÃҹꥦÂkÄÝ©ó»ñ½ºÄÝ(Papilio) , ¦ý Agehana ¤´¬O¤@­Ó«D±`­«­nªº¾ú¥v²§¦W»P¨ÈÄÝ¥NºÙ¡C


Introduction to the Discovery of the Taiwanese Broad-tailed Swallowtail

This name describes the Taiwanese Broad-tailed Swallowtail (scientific name: Papilio maraho, synonym: Agehana maraho).
This description and its scientific name carry a highly classic historical background in Taiwanese entomology:
Core Species: It refers to Taiwan's endemic, Grade II protected rare butterfly¡Xthe Taiwanese Broad-tailed Swallowtail. Its most iconic feature is the broad tail-like extension on its hindwings, which is uniquely traversed by two wing veins. In the entire world, only this species and the Chinese Broad-tailed Swallowtail share this distinct characteristic, earning it the prestigious reputation of Taiwan's "National Butterfly." 
Origin of the 1932 Naming (Shiraki & Sonan): This rare butterfly was first collected and discovered in Nan'ao, Yilan. Subsequently, Professor Tokuichi Shiraki and his assistant Jinhaku Sonan from Taihoku Imperial University jointly published and named the species in 1934. They used "maraho," the Atayal word for "chief" or "leader," as its specific epithet. 
Shujiro Hirayama and the Genus Agehana: The renowned Japanese entomologist Shujiro Hirayama featured and recorded rare insects of Taiwan in his publications, such as Illustrated 1,000 Insects in Color. In early taxonomy, scientists like Shounen Matsumura believed its hindwing structure was too unique, warranting its independence into a separate genus, Agehana. Consequently, for a long time in the past, its scientific name was written as Agehana maraho. Although modern gene sequencing has confirmed that it belongs to the genus Papilio, Agehanaremains a highly significant historical synonym and subgeneric designation.

³o­¶¤º®e¥X¦Û1938¦~10¤ë¥Xª©ªº¡mÂΤ§¥@¬É¡n(¡yÂÎの¥@¬É¡z) ²Ä1¨÷²Ä3´Á(¡u1:42¡v¥Nªí²Ä1¨÷²Ä42­¶) ¡C¸Ó­¶­±®i¥Ü¤F¥Ñ¤é¥»©øÂξǮa¥­¤s­×¦¸­¦©Ò¥D¿ìªº¤é¥»¬Ãµ}½¹½ºÂø»x¤¤, Ãö©ó¥xÆW¯S¦³ºØ¼e§À»ñ½º(¾Ç¦W¡GAgehana maraho) ªº¬Ã¶Q¤åÄm°O¸ü¡C

This page is from the October 1938 issue of "The World of Insects" (¡yÂÎの¥@¬É¡z), Volume 1, No. 3 (where "1:42" denotes Volume 1, Page 42). The content showcases a precious documentary record of the Maraho swallowtail (Agehana maraho), an endemic butterfly species of Taiwan, featured in a rare Japanese butterfly magazine published by the Japanese entomologist Shujiro Hirayama.

このページは¡B1938¦~10¤ëに¥Z¦æされた¡yÂÎの¥@¬É¡z²Ä1巻²Ä3号(¡u1:42¡vは²Ä1巻42ページを«üす) からのものです¡Cこの内®eは¡B¤é¥»の©ø¦ä学ªÌである¥­¤s­×¦¸­¦¤óが¥D®_した¤é¥»の¬Ã½º雑»xにおいて¡B¥x湾©T¦³ºØである¡uワタリカラスアゲハ(アゲハナ・マラホ) ¡v(学¦W¡GAgehana maraho) に関する¶Q­«な¤å献°O録が掲¸üされている様¤lを¥Üしています¡C

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タイワンカラスアゲハ(¥x湾寛§À»ñ½º) 発¨£の·§­n

この¦W称は¡Bタイワンカラスアゲハ(学¦W¡GPapilio maraho¡Bシノニム¡GAgehana maraho) を«üしています¡C
この°O­zと学¦Wの­I´ºには¡B¥x湾の©ø¦ä学における«D±`に¥j¨åªºな歴¥vが¯µめられています¡G
®Ö¤ßとなるºØ¡Gこれは¥x湾©T¦³の²Ä¤GºØ(§Æ¤Ö³¥¥Í°Ê´Óª«) «OÅ@対¶Hである¶Q­«な½º¡Bタイワンカラスアゲハを«üします¡C³Ìも¥Nªíªºな¯S徴は¡B«á¯Íにある´T広の§À状¬ð°_であり¡B¯Sに2¥»の¯Í¯ßがそこを³e³qしている点です¡C¥@¬É¤¤のすべてのアゲハチョウの¤¤で¡Bこの¯S徴を«ùつのは¥»ºØと¤¤国¤j³°のシナトガリバアゲハ(¤¤µØ寛§À»ñ½º) のみであり¡Bそのため¡u国½º¡vという¬ü称を«ùっています¡C
1932¦~の©R¦Wの¥Ñ来(Shiraki & Sonan) ¡Gこの§Æ¤Öな½ºは¡B©yÄõ県«n¿Dでªìめて±Ä¶°・発¨£されました¡Cその«á¡B¥x¥_«Ò国¤j学の¯À¤ì±o¤@(Tokuichi Shiraki) ±Ð±Âとその§U¤âである·¡«n¤¯³Õ(Jinhaku Sonan) により1934¦~に¦@¦Pで©R¦W・発ªíされ¡Bタイヤル±Úの¨¥¸­で¡uÀY¥Ø¡vや¡u­ºªø¡vを·N¨ýする¡umaraho¡vがºØ¤p¦WとしてÉOえられました¡C
¥­¤s­×¦¸­¦とフトオアゲハ属(Agehana) ¡G¤é¥»の°ª¦Wな©ø¦ä学ªÌである¥­¤s­×¦¸­¦は¡BそのµÛ®Ñ(¡y­ì¦â¤dºØ©ø¦ä図ÃСzなど) の¤¤で¥x湾の§Æ¤Öな©ø¦äを²Ð¤¶・収録しました¡Cªì´Áの¤ÀÃþ学において¡B¬ì学ªÌ(ªQ§øªQ¦~など) はその«á¯Íのºc³yがあまりにも独¯Sであるため¡B独¥ßした¡uフトオアゲハ属(Agehana) ¡vにするべきだと¦Òえました¡Cそのため¡B¹L¥hのªøい¶¡¡Bその学¦Wは Agehana maraho とªí°Oされていました¡C²{¥Nの¿òÉ´¤lシーケンシングにより¡B¥»ºØがアゲハ属(Papilio) に属することがµý©úされましたが¡BAgehana は¤µなお«D±`に­«­nな歴¥vªºシノニムおよび亜属の¥N称として残っています¡C


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A Surprise Discovery by Faculty and Students of Yilan Agricultural and Forestry SchoolIn mid-July 1932, Riichi Suzuki (seated in the center), a biology teacher at Yilan Agricultural and Forestry School, led his students to the Eboshizan demonstration forest for their fourth insect specimen collection trip. During the expedition, he and two unnamed students worked together to capture a massive swallowtail butterfly, a species never seen before.

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The Discovery of Taiwan's Mythical Butterfly in 1932 

In Taiwan's entomological world, a certain butterfly is hailed as the "National Butterfly" and the "Mythical Butterfly" due to its breathtaking beauty, rarity, and unique scientific value. This is the Taiwan Broad-tailed Swallowtail (Agehana maraho). The origins of this legendary tale trace back to a historic collection expedition in the summer of 1932.
In July 1932, Riichi Suzuki, a Japanese teacher at the Yilan School of Agriculture and Forestry (now National Yilan University), went to Mount Duli (the Wumaozi area) in today's Datong Township, Yilan County, to collect insects. Amid the dense forest, he captured a male swallowtail butterfly with an appearance never seen before. This precious male specimen was later handed to Tokuichi Shiraki, a renowned entomologist at the Central Research Institute of the Taiwan Governor-General's Office. Professor Shiraki keenly sensed that this was highly likely a brand-new species. To confirm this, Shiraki personally led an expedition back to Yilan's Mount Duli in May of the following year (1933) and successfully collected a second male specimen.
In 1934, Tokuichi Shiraki and Jinhaku Sonan jointly published this new species. They designated the first male butterfly collected by Riichi Suzuki in 1932 as the paratype, officially announcing the existence of this "National Butterfly" to the world.
Research History Timeline:
July 1932: Riichi Suzuki collects the first male butterfly (later designated as the paratype) at Mount Duli, Yilan.
May 1933: Tokuichi Shiraki returns to the same location and collects another male specimen.
1934: Tokuichi Shiraki and Jinhaku Sonan jointly name and publish the Taiwan Broad-tailed Swallowtail.
The reason the Taiwan Broad-tailed Swallowtail shocked the international entomological community lies primarily in its unique anatomy¡Xspecifically, its broad tail-like extensions. While typical swallowtail butterflies have only a single wing vein running through their tail extension, the broad-tailed swallowtail features an exceptionally wide tail extension running with two wing veins (the 3rd and 4th longitudinal veins). This is considered an evolutionary miracle.
It is said that this butterfly is a glacial relict unique to Taiwan. The genus Agehana contains only two species worldwide: the Taiwan Broad-tailed Swallowtail and the Chinese Broad-tailed Swallowtail (Agehana elwesi) native to inland China. Both hold immense academic and research value.
Larval Host of the Taiwan Broad-Tailed Swallowtail
This extraordinary butterfly shares a life-and-death bond with the Taiwan Sassafras (Sassafras randaiense), which is also a glacial relict plant. Their existences are intricately intertwined. The larvae of the broad-tailed swallowtail are extremely picky eaters, feeding exclusively on the Taiwan Sassafras as their sole host plant. Because the Taiwan Sassafras is a sun-loving pioneer species, its seeds germinate successfully only in open areas created by large-scale landslides or forest fires. Consequently, through natural forest succession, sassafras forests are easily replaced by other tree species. Due to the decline of its host plant and habitat destruction, the population of the Taiwan Broad-tailed Swallowtail has plummeted dramatically. It is currently listed as a Category I "Endangered" protected wildlife species.
From the exact moment Riichi Suzuki swung his butterfly net at Yilan's Mount Duli in 1932, the Taiwan Broad-tailed Swallowtail was destined to become the most dazzling chapter in Taiwan's natural history. Today, the scientific community and forestry authorities are striving to preserve this flashing red shadow of the Hsuehshan and Central Mountain Ranges through artificial propagation of the Taiwan Sassafras and the establishment of protected areas, ensuring that this legendary flight continues for generations to come in Taiwan's forests.


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The Taiwanese Broad-tailed Swallowtail (Papilio maraho) was kept in Acta Scientrium Ngensis for a long time inside a butterfly specimen display case, where it was exhibited alongside other similar species for comparative purposes; however, due to its precious nature, it has now been preserved independently.

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³o¤£¶È¶È¬O¤@­Ó·sª«ºØªº½Ï¥Í, §ó¬O©øÂΤÀÃþ¾Ç¤Wªº¾_¾Ù¼u¡C¹L¥h, ¬ì¾Ç¬É´¶¹M»{¬°³oºØ¡u«á¯Í¦³¨â±ø¯Í¯ß³e¬ï§À¬ð¡vªº©_¯Sºt¤Æ, ¥u¦s¦b©ó¤¤°ê¤j³°ªº¡u¤¤µØ¼e§À»ñ½º¡v¨­¤W¡C¥xÆW¼Ð¥»ªº¥X²{, ÃÒ¹ê¤F³o®y©t®q¦b¦Bªe®É´Á»P¥j¦Ñ³°¶ô¬Û³sªººt¤Æ­y¸ñ¡C1934¦~, ¯À¤ì±o¤@»P·¡«n¤¯³Õ¦@¦P±N³o°¦¡u¤Û¤§»ñ½º¡vµoªí©ó¥@¡C

¥xÆW¼e§À»ñ½º  Papilio maraho (Shiraki & Sonan), 1934 : ¥¿­±/Dorsal view /ªí­±(おもてめん / ひょうめん)



The Eight-Hundred Yen "Phantom National Butterfly"

The Phantom National Butterfly: The Romantic Legend of Formosa's "Eight-Hundred Yen"
In the early 20th century, Formosa was an island where the mists had yet to clear, and its primeval forests were still regarded as untamed wilderness. At that time, Taiwan was the most sought-after paradise for exploration in the eyes of the international entomological community. During that golden age of naturalists, Japanese scientists, fueled by a fanaticism for undiscovered creatures, ventured one after another into the lush, deep recesses of this mountainous island. Among countless discoveries, the most legendary¡Xand perhaps the most beautiful and romantic¡Xwas the shiny black figure dancing through the misty mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forests: the Taiwanese Broad-tailed Swallowtail (scientific name: Papilio maraho, formerly also known as Agehana maraho). This is not merely the history of a butterfly's discovery; it is a romantic epic interwoven with the lingering echoes of the Age of Discovery, the imperial academic rivalries of the Japanese colonial period, and the mountain myths of Formosa.

First Encounter in the Dense Forest: From "Dream Butterfly" to the Joint Publication by Shiraki and Sonan
To develop mountain resources and carry out academic colonization, the government-general of Taiwan during the Japanese colonial period vigorously promoted biodiversity surveys. In July 1932, Tokuichi Shiraki, an entomology professor at Taihoku Imperial University (now National Taiwan University), was leading his research team on a specimen collection expedition around Wushibi and Nan'ao in Yilan. During that trek, which involved battling storms and treacherous mountain paths, assistant Jinhaku Sonan spotted a colossal, mysterious, glimmering black swallowtail near a bustling stream valley. Its most striking feature was the absurdly wide tail-like extension on its hindwings, which was flushed with a bright, fishtail-shaped red patch resembling the glow of dawn. When this butterfly gently fluttered its wings inside the specimen net, the elite scientists present held their collective breath.

This was not just the birth of a new species; it was a bombshell in insect taxonomy. Previously, the scientific community generally believed that this peculiar evolution¡Xwhere two wing veins traverse the tail extension¡Xexisted only in the Chinese Broad-tailed Swallowtail of mainland China. The appearance of the Taiwanese specimen proved the evolutionary trajectory of this isolated island, confirming its connection to the ancient landmass during the Ice Age. In 1934, Tokuichi Shiraki and Jinhaku Sonan jointly introduced this "Phantom Swallowtail" to the world.

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I. Taxonomical Evolution and Origin of the Species Name of the Taiwan Broad-tailed Swallowtail

In the history of Taiwanese entomological taxonomy, the naming and classification of the Taiwan Broad-tailed Swallowtail (Agehana maraho) underwent a historical evolution of immense scientific value. In 1934, after discovering this rare and precious species for the first time, Japanese entomologists Tokuichi Shiraki and Jinhaku Sonan jointly published and named it "Papilio maraho(Shiraki & Sonan)," formally introducing this "phantom national butterfly" to the international scientific community. However, due to its broad tail projection¡Xwhich defied common logic by having two wing veins running completely through it¡Xthe butterfly appeared so extraordinary to taxonomists at the time that it was later reassigned to its own exclusive genus, renamed Agehana maraho. This taxonomic shift and evolution not only bore witness to the scientific community's astonishment at its unique physical structure, but also became a milestone in the history of biological surveys during the Japanese colonial period, highlighting its evolutionary distinctiveness and prestigious status. To honor the sacred and noble presence of this butterfly in the mountain forests, scientists eschewed common geographical names or human surnames. Instead, they turned their gaze to the original masters of this land: the Atayal people. They adopted the word "maraho," which means "chief" or "cacique" in the Atayal language, as its specific epithet. From the very moment maraho was introduced to the scientific world, this butterfly was crowned as the absolute, supreme black chief of the Formosan forests.

II. The Romance and Madness of Eight Hundred Yen: Exchanging a Single Butterfly for a Machiya House

In the international specimen market of the 1930s, the emergence of the Taiwan Broad-tailed Swallowtail triggered a frantic pursuit akin to "Tulip Mania." European, American, and Japanese collectors of the era rushed after this mysterious and extremely elusive "Chief Swallowtail" from the southern island. Because it inhabited undisturbed, mid-elevation pristine forests, and its larval diet remained a total mystery at the time (later confirmed to feed exclusively on the Sassafras randaiense, a glacial relict plant), specimens were exceedingly rare. Driven by this scarcity, the acquisition price for a single, pristine specimen of the Taiwan Broad-tailed Swallowtail skyrocketed to an astonishing 800 Japanese yen in the market.
The economic imagination of "800 Yen" in 1930s colonial Taiwan (Unit: Japanese Yen / JPY): A Flying Machiya¡XAn Era of Madness Between a Butterfly and a House. In 1930s colonial Taiwan, this "Taiwan Broad-tailed Swallowtail," hidden deep within the misty mountains of Formosa, ignited a legendary financial frenzy in the international specimen market. It was an era with a vastly different cost of living compared to modern times. At that time, a fresh elite graduate from Taihoku Imperial University earned a starting monthly salary of about 70 to 80 yen, while a local police officer with a stable income made only 40 to 50 yen per month. In those years before the birth of the New Taiwan Dollar, when prices were calculated in Japanese yen, a decent Japanese-style residence or machiya townhouse in a solid neighborhood of Taihoku City could be purchased for just 500 to 1,000 yen. Yet, the acquisition price of a flawless specimen of this phantom national butterfly, crowned with the Atayal name for chief, soared to a jaw-dropping 800 yen amidst the fervent collector wave. These butterfly hunters waited painstakingly in misty river valleys just to catch a glimpse of those fluttering black wings. This wave, blending greed, fanaticism, and a reverent awe of unknown nature, painted the entomological annals of colonial Taiwan with a highly dramatic, subtle "Formosan romance." This meant that when a collector swung his net in the pristine forests of Yilan or Mount Dabajian and luckily caught a Taiwan Broad-tailed Swallowtail, what he netted was not just a masterpiece of nature, but a sum equivalent to nearly two years of a grassroots civil servant's total salary without spending a dime. In that golden age of bold adventure and twisting fates, those black wings dancing in the air looked exactly like a "flying Taihoku machiya" emerging from the mountain mist. This madness woven from 800 yen became the most incredible romantic legend in the history of Formosan entomology. It was an era filled with daring adventure and monetary temptation. Countless wanderers, collectors, and adventurous Japanese youths, harboring dreams of overnight wealth, carried their butterfly nets deep into the Atayal mountains, where rumors of headhunting still lingered. These butterfly hunters waited painstakingly in misty river valleys just to catch a glimpse of those fluttering black wings. This wave, blending greed, fanaticism, and a reverent awe of unknown nature, painted the entomological annals of colonial Taiwan with a highly dramatic "Formosan allure."

III. Establishment of Sublime Status: Taiwan's Natural Monument

The preciousness of this butterfly was by no means reflected in monetary value alone. Its status in biology and as a national symbol soon received the highest official recognition. As the spirit of the Japanese mainland's "Law for the Preservation of Historic Sites, Places of Scenic Beauty, and Natural Monuments" extended to the island, the Government-General of Taiwan began reviewing the unique natural heritage of this land. Due to its evolutionary relict characteristics (an East Asian evolutionary remnant originating from an ancient North American swallowtail lineage) and its irreplaceable academic value, the Taiwan Broad-tailed Swallowtail was officially designated as a "Natural Monument" for protection during the late period of Japanese rule. This official designation elevated it from a "commercial specimen" to a "national-level natural treasure." It was no longer merely a plaything in a collector's box, but an immortal testament to the geological transformations and evolutionary history of the island of Formosa.
IV. The Eternal Totem of the Formosan Mountain Forests
Today, as time has marched into the twenty-first century, this rare insect¡Xhonored with the reputation of the "National Butterfly" and classified as a Category II protected species¡Xstill flies silently over the canopy of the Sassafras randaiense forests in places like Yilan's Taipingshan and Guanwu. When we flip through the amber-toned entomological guidebooks left behind from the Japanese colonial period, looking at the Agehana maraho recorded by Shujiro Hirayama, Tokuichi Shiraki, and others through meticulous steel-pen lines and lithographic printing, we can almost still see Jinhaku Sonan's excitement and trembling as he swung his butterfly net in that fog-shrouded Nan-ao river valley. It was a golden age of romance belonging to Formosa. This phantom national butterfly, known to the world by the name of the Atayal chief and once valued at eight hundred yen, will forever carry that faint historical melancholy and nobility belonging to the southern island, continuing to proudly spread its wings in the history of Taiwanese entomology.
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Legendary Partners: Tokuichi Shiraki and Jinhaku Sonan¡XSoul Figures with Sublime Contributions to Taiwan's Natural World

During the golden age of Taiwanese entomology under Japanese rule, Tokuichi Shiraki and Jinhaku Sonan formed a legendary mentor-disciple duo. Working in tandem¡Xone masterminding the research and the other executing the field explorations¡Xthey dedicated their lives and butterfly nets on this isolated tropical island to laying an irreplaceable foundation for modern Taiwanese insect taxonomy and agricultural pest control.
I. The Academic Godfather of Taiwanese Entomology: Tokuichi Shiraki (1882¡V1970)
If the world of Taiwanese entomology during the Japanese colonial period were a grand palace, Tokuichi Shiraki would be the founding mason who laid the very first brick.
Elite Background and Commission to Taiwan: Shiraki was born in Hakodate, Hokkaido, Japan. He graduated from the Sapporo Agricultural College (now Hokkaido University), an institution that nurtured Japan's top scientific elite at the time. In 1907, at the young age of 24, he came to Taiwan alone to serve as a technician at the Agricultural Experiment Station of the Government-General of Taiwan. Owing to his exceptional talent, he was quickly promoted to Chief of the Entomology Department and Chief of the Zoology Section.
Pioneer of Biological Control: Shiraki did not limit himself to pure academic research; he was also a hero who saved Taiwanese agriculture. In 1908, citrus orchards in northern Taiwan faced catastrophic damage from an invasive pest, the cottony cushion scale. Shiraki boldly imported its natural enemy, the vedalia beetle, from the United States. Within just three years, the infestation was completely suppressed, rescuing Taiwan's citrus industry. Astonished by this success, the Government-General allocated massive funds for him to build new laboratories and purchase advanced equipment, which ultimately catalyzed the subsequent large-scale, island-wide insect surveys.
The Footsteps of an Academic Godfather: He was one of the founding professors of Taihoku Imperial University (now National Taiwan University) and served as the president of the Natural History Society of Taiwan. His collection expeditions spanned across the entire main island, the Penghu Islands, and Orchid Island. Specializing in Orthoptera (locusts and crickets) and Diptera (horseflies and true flies), his rigorous academic attitude transformed the Entomology Department of the Government-General into one of the most vital research hubs for insect taxonomy in all of Asia at the time.
II. The Uncrowned King Who Emerged from the Specimen Room: Jinhaku Sonan (1892¡V1984)
In contrast to Professor Shiraki, who hailed from an elite academic background and held high official positions, his assistant Jinhaku Sonan possessed a life story filled with the romance of a grassroots legend and a wandering spirit.
A Legendary Self-Made Journey in Taiwan: Jinhaku Sonan was born in Naha, Okinawa, and moved to Taiwan with his parents at the age of 16. Lacking the prestigious aura of an imperial university on the Japanese mainland, he worked at the Government-General's Agricultural Experiment Station by day and studied tirelessly at the night school of Seigen School (now Chengyuan High School) in Taipei. Starting from the lowest rungs of the specimen room¡Xrearing insects and pinning specimens¡Xhis astonishing perseverance and passion deeply moved Tokuichi Shiraki, leading him to become Shiraki's most capable chief assistant and researcher.
An All-Around Master of Field Collection: Blessed with sharp observation skills and extraordinary wilderness survival abilities, Sonan was the vital "core of field exploration" for the team. Throughout his life, he published an immense volume of research reports regarding Taiwanese butterflies, wasps (such as Ichneumonidae), and the natural enemies of tea tree pests. During his three decades in the colonial era, he was the most prolific Japanese scholar in Taiwan, boasting the highest number of published papers.
Discoverer of Mountain Myths: Sonan's contributions extended far beyond insects. Aside from co-publishing the Taiwan Broad-tailed Swallowtail with Shiraki, he accidentally discovered the Taiwan Salamander (Hynobius sonani) in the high-altitude forests of Wushe. This glacial relict amphibian, which logically should only exist in cold-temperate zones, remains a rare national treasure of Taiwan and is still named in honor of Sonan's surname (sonani) to this day.

III. The Perfect Legendary Partners: The Dynamic and Serene Formosan Bond
The relationship between these two naturalists had long transcended that of a traditional supervisor and subordinate. Tokuichi Shiraki possessed a macro-level academic vision, abundant official resources, and rigorous taxonomic theories; meanwhile, Jinhaku Sonan held unmatched field intuition, specimen-crafting techniques, and a profound affection for the mountain forests of Taiwan. In 1933, after Riichi Suzuki collected the very first specimen of the Taiwan Broad-tailed Swallowtail and sparked intense academic interest, it was Shiraki who took Sonan deep into the river valleys of the Yilan mountains. Together, they waited painstakingly amid the dense fog for several days before finally capturing the second specimen in academic history¡Xthe pivotal specimen that laid the bedrock for all future research. Following the end of World War II, when the Nationalist Government took over Taiwan, the two scholars were both requested to stay and were employed by the Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute due to their sublime academic status, continuing to help maintain the operation of Taiwanese entomology in the postwar era. It was not until 1947 that this pair of life-and-death partners, who had fought side by side in Formosa for over thirty years, boarded a repatriation ship together to return to Japan. Upon returning to Japan, Jinhaku Sonan changed his surname to "Minamikawa." Both lived long lives (Shiraki lived to 88, and Sonan to 92) and spent the rest of their years continuously organizing the precious entomological memories they had brought back from Taiwan. In conclusion: without Tokuichi Shiraki's foresight and institutional establishment, insect research in Taiwan would have lacked a voice in international academia; conversely, without Jinhaku Sonan swinging his net tens of thousands of times in the Taiwanese mountains, many mysterious lives hidden within the island's mists¡Xsuch as the Taiwan Broad-tailed Swallowtail and the Taiwan Salamander¡Xmight have waited decades longer before their veils were finally lifted. The two of them are truly the most romantic and greatest "Entomological Gemini" in the history of Formosan natural science.


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¥xÆW¼e§À»ñ½º  Papilio maraho (Shiraki & Sonan), 1934


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The Discovery of the Agehana maraho


The story of how the Agehana maraho was first captured and revealed to the world stands as one of the most dramatic chapters in Taiwan's natural history. This discovery combined a stroke of serendipity, academic shock, and a frantic pursuit. Here is a recreation of that historic moment in the summer of 1932 that shook the entomological world: 


I. The Prelude of Destiny: An Expected Swing by the Lanyang River (July 1932) 
This epoch-making discovery did not originate from a top-tier scientific expedition, but rather from a school field trip. In mid-July 1932, during the scorching midsummer heat, Riichi Suzuki, a Japanese natural history teacher at Yilan Agricultural and Forestry School (now National Yilan University), led his students to the experimental forest of Wumao Mountain (located near today's Duli Mountain in Datong Township, Yilan County) by the Lanyang River in Luodong District, Taipei Prefecture, for insect collection. At that time, a light mist blanketed the mountains, and the riverbank was strewn with gravel. Amidst the shimmering reflections of the river, Suzuki and two students, whose names are now lost to history, suddenly noticed a massive black swallowtail butterfly with an exceptionally proud flight posture slowly landing on the moist riverbank to drink water. Quick-witted and fast-acting, Teacher Suzuki swung his insect net through the air, and the first Agehana maraho in history was officially captured. When the butterfly settled inside the net, Suzuki was stunned. It possessed wings like black velvet, a crescent-moon-like white patch right in the center of its hindwings, and most incredibly, its tail-like projections were extraordinarily wide, uniquely traversed by two wing veins, with the edges of the tails rimmed with a row of fish-tail-shaped crimson spots as vivid as blood. 

II. Academic Shock: Professor Shiraki's "Impossible!" 
Knowing this butterfly was far from ordinary, Riichi Suzuki immediately brought this precious type specimen back to Taipei. He personally visited the highest authority in Taiwanese entomology at the time, Professor Tokuichi Shiraki of Taihoku Imperial University. When Professor Shiraki saw the butterfly in the specimen box, he was frozen on the spot and even shouted, "Impossible!" In the international entomological community back then, it was widely believed that this peculiar butterfly with "two veins traversing a wide tail" was the Agehana elwesi, a species endemic to the Yangtze River basin in mainland China. The existence of such an ice-age relict species on Taiwan, an island isolated at sea, completely overturned the existing understanding of East Asian biogeography. However, with his rigorous scientific approach, Professor Shiraki pointed out that the red spots on this Taiwanese specimen were more vibrant than those on the mainland species, and the distribution of the white patch was also different; it was undoubtedly a brand-new, distinct species! Yet, relying solely on this single "unique copy" in Suzuki's possession carried great risk for scientific publication. To exercise caution, Professor Shiraki decided to organize an all-out, no-expense-spared "butterfly-hunting expedition." 

III. The Crazy Pursuit of Eight Hundred Yen: A Gamble in the Deep Mountain Gorges (May 1933)
To establish its status as a new species by capturing a second specimen, Tokuichi Shiraki led his assistant Jinhaku Sonan and a collection team back to the Yilan Duli Mountain gorge in May 1933, where Riichi Suzuki had first discovered the butterfly. At the time, the Governor-General's Office attached great importance to this mission, allocating a massive amount of travel funds and bounties that was considered an astronomical sum back then. Professor Shiraki and Jinhaku Sonan set up camp deep in the mountains of the Atayal tribe, a place plagued by venomous snakes, rampant malaria, and lingering rumors of headhunting. Braving the unpredictable torrential rains of the mountains, they kept a non-stop, day-and-night vigil for several days along the riverbanks and under the sassafras forests. Heaven rewards the diligent¡Xon May 19, 1933, with the joint efforts of the local mountain villagers and the team, the second Agehana maraho (paratype) was finally captured by Professor Shiraki's own hands in the exact same gorge! This immensely expensive expedition, including all supplies, manpower, and publicity, cost a total of nearly 800 Japanese yen upon final settlement. At that time, this sum was enough to purchase an exquisite Japanese-style townhouse (Machiya) in the center of Taipei City. This legendary figure spread internationally alongside the successful capture of the butterfly, earning it the title of the "Eight Hundred Yen Butterfly" in the collecting world. 
IV. Frozen in History: Crowned as the Chieftain of the Mountain Forests (1934) 

With two verified male butterfly specimens in hand, Tokuichi Shiraki and Jinhaku Sonan finally had absolute confidence. In 1934, they officially published this new species endemic to Taiwan, sending shockwaves through the scientific community both at home and abroad. Grateful that this butterfly was nurtured in the sacred mountains and gorges of the Atayal tribe, they specially named it Papilio maraho (Shiraki & Sonan, 1934). "Maraho" is precisely the Atayal word for "chief" or "chieftain." From Riichi Suzuki's stunning net-swing by the Lanyang River to the grueling, fortune-spending wait in the deep mountains by two generations of masters, Shiraki and Sonan, this "phantom butterfly" that had flown through thousands of years of the Ice Age finally and proudly donned its chieftain's crown in the entomological annals of Japanese-ruled Taiwan. 


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タイワンカラスアゲハ(Agehana maraho , タイワンフチグロオオアゲハ) の発¨£の経½n 

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¹a¤ì§Q¤@¤óはこの½ºがただものではないと½T«Hし¡Bすぐにこの¶Q­«な¼Ò¦¡¼Ð¥»を¥x¥_に«ùち帰り¡B当®Éの¥x湾©ø¦ä学¬Éの³Ì°ª権«Âであった¥x¥_«Ò国¤j学の¯À¤ì±o¤@±Ð±Âを¦Ûら³Xねました¡C ¯À¤ì±Ð±Âが¼Ð¥»½cの¤¤のこの½ºを¨£たとき¡Bその³õで¨¥¸­を¥¢い¡B¡uあり±oない¡I¡vと¤j声をあげたといいます¡Cなぜなら当®Éの国»Ú©ø¦ä学¬Éでは¡Bこのような¡u2¥»の¯Í¯ßが³qる´T広い§À¬ð¡vを«ùつ©_§®な½ºは¡Bªø¦¿¬y°ì¤@帯の¤¤国¤j³°¯S産ºØである¡uシナフチグロオオアゲハ(Agehana elwesi) ¡vだけだと¤@¯ëに¦Òえられていたからです¡C®üに©t¥ßした¼ö帯の®qである¥x湾に¡Bこのような氷ªe´Áの¥Íき残り(¿ò¦sºØ) が¦s¦bするとは¡B当®ÉのªFアジアの¥Íª«¦a²z学の»{ª¾を®Ú¥»からÂÐすものでした¡C しかし¡B¯À¤ì±Ð±Âはその厳®æな学°Ýへの«º¶Õから¡Bこの¥x湾の¼Ð¥»は¤j³°のものよりも¨ª¦â´³がÂAやかであり¡B¥Õ´³の½d囲も²§なるため¡B§¹¥þに独¥ßした·sºØであると«üºKしました¡Cしかし¡B¹a¤ì¤óの¤âにあるこの°ß¤@の¡u¤@¤Ç(ユニークピース) ¡vだけで学³N発ªíを¦æうことは¡B¬ì学ªºには·¥めてリスクが°ªいものでした¡C·V­«を´Áすため¡B¯À¤ì±Ð±Âは¶O¥Îを±¤しまない¤@¤j¡u®·½º»·©º¶¤¡vを²Õ´することを¨M·Nしたのです¡C 


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¥|¡B 歴¥vの©w®æ¡G¤sªLの­©ªøへとÀ¹«a(1934¦~)  
2ÀYの½T実な¶¯の¼Ð¥»を¤âにしたことで¡B¯À¤ì±o¤@と·¡«n¤¯³Õはついに絶対ªºな¦Û«Hを±oた¡C1934¦~¡B©¼らは国内¥~を¾_¾Ùさせたこの¥x湾¯S¦³の·sºØを¥¿¦¡に発ªíした¡Cそして¡Bこの½ºがタイヤル±Úの¸tなる¤sと渓¨¦に¨|まれたことに·PÁÂを込め¡B学¦Wを Papilio maraho(Shiraki & Sonan, 1934) と©R¦Wした¡C¡uMaraho(マラホ) ¡vとは¡Bまさにタイヤル±Úの¨¥¸­で¡uÀY¥Ø(­©ªø) ¡vを·N¨ýする¡CÄõ¶§渓のほとりでの¹a¤ì§Q¤@のÂAやかな¤@®¶りから¡B¯À¤ì・·¡«nという¤G¥Nの¤j®aによる¤jª÷を§ëじた²`¤sでの­W闘の«Ýち¥ñせまで¡B¦ó¤dÉE¦~もの氷ªe´Áを­¸び¶Vえてきたこの¡u¤Ûの½º¡vは¡B¤é¥»²Îªv®É¥Nの¥x湾©ø¦ä»xにおいて¡Bついに¦Ûらの­©ªøの¤ý«aを¸ØらしげにÀ¹いたのである¡C 


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Where is the Type Specimen Now ?


The very first national treasure specimen captured by Riichi Suzuki (the "holotype" of the Agehana maraho) is now perfectly preserved in the National Taiwan University (NTU) Insect Museum, located in the Da'an District of Taipei City. The curation and preservation background of this specimen carries a profound historical legacy:

I. The Final Home of a Century-Old Treasure 
After discovering this butterfly in Yilan in 1932, Riichi Suzuki sent it to Professor Tokuichi Shiraki at Taihoku Imperial University (now National Taiwan University) for identification. When the new species was officially published in 1934, this first-ever captured male butterfly was designated as the "holotype." Subsequently, the second male butterfly, which Professor Shiraki spent a fortune to capture with his own hands in 1933, was retained alongside it as the "paratype." Following the end of World War II, Taihoku Imperial University was reorganized into National Taiwan University. Although the Japanese professors evacuated Taiwan at that time, this collection of extremely precious Taiwanese biological type specimens¡Xwhich had been gathered through immense hardships during the Japanese colonial period¡Xwas handed over in its entirety to the NTU Department of Entomology (formerly the Chair of Entomology at Taihoku Imperial University) for continued and meticulous care. 

II. The "Crown Jewel" of the Museum
Among the massive collection of over 330,000 items in the NTU Insect Museum, this holotype of the Agehana maraho collected by Riichi Suzuki is undisputedly the crown jewel of the museum. 
Preservation Status: It is kept inside the museum's temperature- and humidity-controlled sealed specimen cabinets. Even after nearly a century, the black velvet texture of its wings, the white patches, and the bright, fish-tail-shaped red spots on its hindwings remain vividly distinguishable.
Historical Labels: Retained beneath the specimen are the original, aged handwritten labels from that era. Written neatly in fountain pen ink are the collector's name "Suzuki," the collection time "July, 1932," and the collection locality "Umoshi" (Wumaoshan / Umoshi-kawara), standing as a testament to that golden age of Formosan natural discovery history. 
Because a holotype serves as the sole, ultimate scientific benchmark worldwide for defining a species, it holds immense academic sanctity and is typically stored in academic repositories that are closed to the general public, reserved only for research by experts and scholars. However, the NTU Insect Museum features an exhibition hall and special exhibition rooms, which frequently display precious ecological research and replicas of the Agehana maraho for nature history enthusiasts to visit and admire. 

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Additional butterfly species description

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¤¤µØ¼e§À»ñ½º(Agehana elwesi) ¥Õ´³«¬.Agehana elwesi f. cavaleriei (Leech), 1898.

¤¤µØ¼e§À»ñ½º(Agehana elwesi) ¶Â¦â«¬.Agehana elwesi f. elwesi (Leech), 1898

¤¤µØ¼e§À»ñ½º(Agehana elwesi) »P¥xÆW¼e§À»ñ½º(Papilio maraho) ªº¼Ð¥»¹ï¤ñ¡C¨ä¤¤, ¤¤µØ¼e§À»ñ½º(Agehana elwesi) ÁÙ¥]§t¡u¥Õ´³«¬¡vAgehana elwesi f. cavaleriei (Leech), 1898. ¤Î¡u¶Â¦â«¬¡vAgehana elwesi f. elwesi (Leech), 1898. ¨âºØ§ÎºA¡C

A specimen comparison between the Chinese broad-tailed swallowtail (Agehana elwesi) and the Taiwanese broad-tailed swallowtail (Papilio maraho), where Agehana elwesi further includes two distinct forms: the white-spotted form, Agehana elwesi f. cavaleriei (Leech), 1898, and the black form, Agehana elwesi f. elwesi (Leech), 1898.

シナワニグチアゲハ(Agehana elwesi) とタイワンワニグチアゲハ(Papilio maraho) の¼Ð¥»¤ñ¸û¡Cなお¡Bシナワニグチアゲハ(Agehana elwesi) には¡u¥Õ´³«¬¡vAgehana elwesi f. cavaleriei(Leech), 1898. と¡u黒¦â«¬¡vAgehana elwesi f. elwesi (Leech), 1898. の2つの§ÎºAが¦s¦bする¡C

ª÷´³³ñ»ñ½ºªZ¦i¨ÈºØ Teinopalpus aureus wuyiensis Lee, 1992, (¤¤¦@°ê I ¯Å«OÅ@ª«ºØ)
ª÷´³³ñ»ñ½ºªZ¦i¨ÈºØ¬O¤¤°ê¤j³°¿W¦³ªº¤¤¦@°ê¤@¯Å«OÅ@³¥¥Í°Êª«, ³QÅA¬°¡u½º¤¤¬Ó¦Z¡v»P¡u¥@¬É½¹½º¤k¤ý¡v¡C¨e­Ì¥D­n´Ï®§©óºÖ«ØªZ¦i¤sµ¥¤¤§C®ü©Þªº­ì¥Í±`ºñÁ︭ªL¤¤, ¼Æ¶q·¥¨äµ}¤Ö¥B±Ä¶°·¥Ãø¡C¶¯½º«e¯Í¨ã¦³½AÀöªº»Aºñ¦âÅì¤ù, «á¯Í«h¦³¤@¶ô¼Ð»x©Êªºª÷¶À¦â¤j´³, ­¸µ¾®ÉµØÄRÄ£²´, ¨ã¦³·¥°ªªº¬ì¾Ç¬ã¨s»P¥ÍºA«OÅ@»ù­È¡C

Wuyi Subspecies of Golden Kaiser-i-Hind  Teinopalpus aureus wuyiensis Lee, 1992, (CPC Class I Protected Species)
The Wuyi subspecies of the Golden Kaiser-i-Hind is a wild animal under CPC Class I Protection endemic to mainland China, hailed as the "Queen of Butterflies" and the "Queen of the World's Butterflies." They primarily inhabit primary evergreen broad-leaved forests at low to medium altitudes, such as in the Wuyi Mountains of Fujian. Their population is extremely sparse, making them exceptionally difficult to collect. The forewings of the male butterfly are covered with shimmering emerald-green scales, while the hindwings feature a signature, large golden-yellow patch. Splendid and dazzling in flight, this subspecies holds immense value for both scientific research and ecological conservation.

オウゴンアゲハªZ¦i亜ºØ Teinopalpus aureus wuyiensis Lee, 1992, (¤¤国¦@産ÐÞ¤@¯Å«OÅ@³¥¥Í°Êª«)
オウゴンアゲハªZ¦i(ぶい) 亜ºØは¡B¤¤国¥»¤g©T¦³の¤¤国¦@産ÐÞ¤@¯Å«OÅ@³¥¥Í°Êª«であり¡B¡uチョウの¤k¤ý¡vや¡u¥@¬Éのチョウの¤k¤ý¡vと称えられています¡C¥DにºÖ«Ø¬ÙのªZ¦i¤sなど¡B¤¤§C¼Ð°ªの­ì¥Í±`緑広¸­¾ðªLに¥Í®§していますが¡Bその数は·¥めて¤Öなく¡B±Ä¶°は·¥めて§xÃøです¡C¶¯の¦¨¦äの«e¯ÍにはきらめくエメラルドグリーンのÅ쯻があり¡B«á¯Íにはシンボルである¤jきなª÷黄¦âの´³¯¾があります¡C­¸µ¾する«ºはµØÄRで¥Øを¹Üうほど¬üしく¡B°ªい¬ì学¬ã¨s価値と¥ÍºA¨t«OÅ@価値を«ùっています¡C


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¥xÆW¼e§À»ñ½º  Papilio maraho (Shiraki & Sonan), 1934

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¥xÆW¼e§À»ñ½º¤§©Ò¥H¦³¨â­Ó¾Ç¦W, ¬O¦]¬°¬ì¾Ç¬É¹ï¨eÀ³¸ÓÂkÄÝ©ó­þ¤@­Ó¡uÄÝ¡v¦s¦b¤£¦Pªº¤ÀÃþÆ[ÂI¡C¦b¥Íª«©R¦Wªk¤¤, ³oºØ²{¶H«D±`´¶¹M, ³q±`¬O¥Ñ©ó·s¬ã¨s(¨Ò¦p DNA °ò¦]©w§Ç) §ïÅܤFª«ºØ¤§¶¡ªº¿Ë½tÃö«Y»{ª¾©Ò­P¡C

³o¨â­Ó¾Ç¦Wªº¥Ñ¨Ó»PÂà§é¦p¤U¡G

1. Agehana maraho(¿W¥ß¦¨ÄݪºÆ[ÂI) ¾ú¥v­I´º¡G1934¦~¥xÆW¼e§À»ñ½º­º¦¸³Q©R¦Wµoªí¡C¨ì¤F1936¦~, ¤é¥»©øÂξǮaªQ§øªQ¦~»{¬°, ³oºØ½¹½ºªº«á¯Í§À¬ð¦³¡u¨â±ø¯Í¯ß¡v³e¬ï, ¯S¼x·¥¬°¿W¯S, ¦³§O©ó¤@¯ë¥u¦³³æ±ø¯Í¯ßªº»ñ½º, ¦]¦¹¯S§O¬°¨e³Ð¥ß¤F¤@­Ó·sÄÝ¡X¡X¼e§À»ñ½ºÄÝ(Agehana) ¡C¦b¨Ï¥Î±¡ªp¤è­±, ³o­Ó¦WºÙªu¥Î¤Fªñ80¦~, ³\¦h¦­´Áªº¥xÆW¹ÏŲ¡B¬F©²«O¨|¤å¥ó©M¶Ç²Î¥Íª«¤ÀÃþ¤¤, ³£²ßºD¨Ï¥Î³o­Ó¾Ç¦W¡C¤¤µØ¼e§À»ñ½º¦b¬Û¦PÆ[ÂI¤U¤]·|³QºÙ¬° Agehana elwesi¡C

2. Papilio maraho(Âk¤J¤j»ñ½ºÄݪºÆ[ÂI) ²{¥N¬ì¾Çµo²{¦p2015¦~, ¥Ñ¥xÆW¤j¾Ç¡B¥xÆW®v½d¤j¾Ç»P¤¤¤s¤j¾Ç²Õ¦¨ªº¦@¦P¬ã¨s¹Î¶¤, ³z¹L DNA ¤À¤l°ò¦]©w§Ç­««Ø¤F¿Ë½tÃö«Y¡C¬ã¨sµo²{, ¼e§À»ñ½ºªº¯ª¥ý¨ä¹ê¬O¦b¬ù1800¸U¦~«e±q¥_¬ü¬wªº¬ü¬w»ñ½º¨ÈÄÝ(Pterourus) ¾î¸ó³°¾ô¼½¾E¦Ó¨Óªº«á¥N, ¦b¿ò¶Ç°ò¦]¤W»P¼s¸qªº»ñ½ºÄÝ(Papilio) ¬O¤@Å骺¡C®Ú¾Ú°ê»Ú¥Íª«©R¦W³W¬ù, ­ì¥ý¿W¥ßªº¡u¼e§À»ñ½ºÄÝ(Agehana) ¡v¦b°ò¦]¼h­±¤W³Q­°¯Å, ¦¨¬°»ñ½ºÄÝ©³¤Uªº¤@­Ó¨ÈÄÝ(©Î¬ü¬w»ñ½º¨ÈÄݪº¦Pª«²§¦W) ¡C

¦]¦¹¨eªº¾Ç¦W³Q­×¥¿¦^Âk¨ì¼s¸qªº»ñ½ºÄÝ, ¼g§@ÅܤƬ°Papilio maraho, ©ÎªÌ§ó¸Ô²Ó¦a¼Ð¥Ü¨ÈÄݬ° Papilio (Pterourus) maraho¡CÁ`µ²¦pªG¾ÇªÌ¶É¦V±j½Õ¨e­Ì¾Ö¦³¿W¯S§À¬ðªº¡u¥~Æ[¯S¼x¡v, ·|¨Ï¥Î Agehana maraho¡C¦pªG¾ÇªÌ¿í´`³Ì·sªº¡uDNA °ò¦]ºt¤Æ¿Ë½tÃö«Y¡v, «h·|¨Ï¥Î²{¤µ°ê»Ú¾Ç³N¬É´¶¹M±µ¨üªº Papilio maraho¡C


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Taxonomic Changes in the Scientific Name of the Broad-tailed Swallowtail (Papilio maraho)

The existence of two scientific names for the Taiwanese Broad-tailed Swallowtail stems from differing taxonomic perspectives within the scientific community regarding its generic assignment. This phenomenon is highly common in biological nomenclature, typically triggered by modern research¡Xsuch as DNA sequencing¡Xthat reshapes our understanding of phylogenetic relationships among species. 
The origins and transitions of these two scientific names are outlined below: 
1. Agehana maraho (The Independent Genus Perspective)

Historical Background: The Taiwanese Broad-tailed Swallowtail was first described and named in 1934. In 1936, Japanese entomologist Shōnen Matsumura noted a highly distinctive feature: the butterfly's hindwing tails are traversed by "two veins," contrasting sharply with typical swallowtails which possess only a single vein. Consequently, he erected a new genus specifically for this species¡Xthe broad-tailed swallowtail genus, Agehana. Regarding its usage, this name was employed for nearly 80 years and remains deeply entrenched in early Taiwanese field guides, government conservation documents, and traditional biological classifications. Under this same taxonomic view, the Chinese Broad-tailed Swallowtail is referred to as Agehana elwesi. 
2. Papilio maraho (The Inclusions under Genus Papilio Perspective)
Modern Scientific Discoveries: In 2015, a joint research team from National Taiwan University, National Taiwan Normal University, and National Sun Yat-sen University reconstructed the species' phylogeny using molecular DNA sequencing. The study revealed that the ancestors of the Broad-tailed Swallowtail actually migrated across land bridges from North America approximately 18 million years ago, descending from the lineage of the subgenus Pterourus (tiger swallowtails). Genetically, they form an integral clade within the broadly defined genus Papilio. Under the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, the formerly independent genus Agehana was taxonomically downgraded to a subgenus within Papilio (or treated as a synonym of Pterourus). 
Consequently, its scientific name was revised to realign with the broader genus Papilio, designated as Papilio maraho, or more precisely with the subgenus notation, Papilio (Pterourus) maraho. In summary, taxonomists who favor emphasizing the unique "morphological characteristics" of the broad tail tails tend to use Agehana maraho. Conversely, researchers who adhere to the latest "DNA-based evolutionary relationships" adopt Papilio maraho, which is currently the widely accepted standard in the international academic community. 



ワタリカラスアゲハ(¥x湾ワタリカラスアゲハ) における学¦Wの変¾E 

¥x湾産のワタリカラスアゲハに2つの学¦Wが¦s¦bするのは¡Bそれがどの¡u属¡vに帰属すべきかについて¡B¬ì学¬Éで¤ÀÃþ学ªºな¨£¸Ñが²§なっているためです¡C¥Íª«の©R¦Wªkにおいてこのような²{¶Hは«D±`によく¨£られるものであり¡B³q±`はDNA塩°ò°t¦C¤ÀªRなどの³Ì·s¬ã¨sによって¡BºØ¶¡の¨t²Î関«Yに対する»{ÃÑが§ïめられることで°_こります¡C 
これら2つの学¦Wの¥Ñ来と変¾Eの経½nは¥H¤Uの³qりです¡C 
1. Agehana maraho(独¥ß属とする¨£¸Ñ)
歴¥vªº­I´º¡G1934¦~に¥x湾産のワタリカラスアゲハがªìめて©R¦W・°O¸üされました¡Cその«á1936¦~¡B¤é¥»の©ø¦ä学ªÌであるªQ§øªQ¦~³Õ¤hは¡B¥»ºØの気®Ú(§À¬ð°_) に¡u2¥»の¯Í¯ß¡vが³qっているという·¥めて独¯Sな¯S徴に着¥Øしました¡Cこれは¡B³q±`1¥»の¯Í¯ßしか«ùたない¥Lのアゲハチョウ¬ìの½ºとは¤jきく²§なるため¡B¥»ºØのために·sしい属である¡uワタリカラスアゲハ属(Agehana) ¡vを³Ð³]しました¡C¨Ï¥Î状ªpとしては¡Bこの¦W称が¬ù80¦~¶¡にわたり¨Ï¥Îされ続け¡Bªì´Áの¥x湾の図Ųや¬F©²の«OÅ@°Êª«関³s¤å®Ñ¡B従来の¥Íª«¤ÀÃþにおいて©w着していました¡C¦P様の¨£¸Ñに°òづき¡B¤¤国¤j³°産の¤¤µØワタリカラスアゲハも Agehana elwesi と©Iばれます¡C 
2. Papilio maraho(広¸qのアゲハ属に§tめる¨£¸Ñ) ²{¥Nの¬ì学ªº発¨£¡G2015¦~¡B国¥ß¥x湾¤j学¡B国¥ß¥x湾®v½d¤j学¡B国¥ß¤¤¤s¤j学の¦@¦P¬ã¨sチームが¡BDNA¤À¤lの塩°ò°t¦C¤ÀªRを¥Îいて¨t²Î関«Yを¦Aºc¿vしました¡Cそのµ²ªG¡Bワタリカラスアゲハの¯ª¥ýは¬ù1800ÉE¦~«eに¥_¦Ìのトラフアゲハ亜属(Pterourus) から³°¾ôを´çって²¾°Êしてきた¤l®]であり¡B¿òÉ´¤lªºには広¸qのアゲハ属(Papilio) と¤@Ê^であることが§P©úしたのです¡C国»Ú°Êª«©R¦W³W¬ùに°òづき¡Bかつて独¥ßしていた¡uワタリカラスアゲハ属(Agehana) ¡vは¿òÉ´¤lレベルで®æ¤Uげされ¡Bアゲハ属の¤U¦ìの亜属(またはトラフアゲハ亜属のシノニム) となりました¡C 
そのため¡B学¦Wは広¸qのアゲハ属へと­×¥¿・¦^帰され¡BPapilio maraho¡Bあるいは亜属をより¸Ô²Óにªí°Oした Papilio (Pterourus) maraho と®Ñかれるようになりました¡Cµ²½×として¡B独¯Sな§À¬ð°_という¡u§ÎºAªº¯S徴¡vを­«µøする学ªÌは Agehana maraho を¨Ï¥Îします¡C¤@¤èで¡B³Ì·sの¡uDNAに°òづく¶i¤Æ・¨t²Î関«Y¡vに従う学ªÌは¡B²{¦bの国»Ú学³N¬Éで広く¨üけ¤Jれられている Papilio maraho を¨Ï¥Îしています¡C 


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¤é¥»ªF¨Ê«Ò°ê¤j¾ÇªºÄqª«¾ÇÅv«Â¯««O¤pªê±Ð±Â (1867-1924) ¨Ó¨ì¥xÆW¬ã¨s¥_§ë¥Û¡C

Professor Kotora Jimbo (1867¡V1924), a mineralogy authority from Tokyo Imperial University in Japan, came to Taiwan to study Hokutolite.

¤é¥»のªF¨Ê«Ò国¤j学の鉱ª«学権«Âである¯««O¤pªê±Ð±Â(1867〜1924¦~) は¡B¥_§ë¥Û(ほくとうせき) を¬ã¨sするために¥x湾を³Xれまし


¦b¥x¥_¬Ö¦aªº¥_½t, ¤j¤Ù¤õ¤s¸sªº¾Å¾Å·ÏÃú¤¤, ÁôÂõۤ@¬qÄÝ©ó¥xÆW¡B¤]ÄÝ©ó¥þ¥@¬Éªº¬ì¾Ç¶Ç©_¡C¦pªG§A´¿º©¨B¦b¥_§ë·Å¬u°Ï, Å¥¹L¼ë¼ëªº·Ë¤ôÁn, ¨º§A¤@©w¤£¯à¿ù¹L³oÁû¦b¦a²y¼Æ¤dºØÄqª«¤¤, °ß¤@¥H¥xÆW¦a¦W©R¦Wªº·Å¬uºÀÄ_¡X¡X¥_§ë¥Û(Hokutolite) ¡C 
¥¦ªº½Ï¥Í, ¬O¤õ¤s»P·Å¬u¯Ó¶O¤d¦Ê¦~ªºº©ªø²fÁå¡F¦Ó¥¦ªºµo²{, «h¬O¤@³õ¦a½è¾Ç®a»P¬ì¾Ç¥©¦Xªº®öº©ÁÛ°m¡C 

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´X¤Ñ«á, ·í¥L¨«¶i·t©Ð¨R¬~©³¤ù®É, ²´«eªº¤@¹õÅý¥L¾_Åå±o»¡¤£¥X¸Ü¨Ó¡X¡X©³¤ù¦b§¹¥þ¨S¦³·Ó¥ú¡B¥B³Q¶Â¯ÈÄY±K¥]»qªº±¡ªp¤U, ³ºµM¥X²{¤F§½³¡Ãn¥úªº¶Â¼v»P©ñ®gª¬´³ÂI¡I
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¸t©¼±o³ùªº¥¿¦¡©R¦W 
¤j¥¿¤¸¦~(1912¦~) 11¤ë, ¯««O¤pªê±Ð±Â±aµÛ³o¥÷¨Ó¦Û¥xÆWªº¬Ã¶Q¼Ð¥», ¾î¸ó¼Ú¨È¤j³°, «e©¹«X°ê¸t©¼±o³ù°Ñ¥[°ê»ÚÄqª«¾Ç¤j·|¡C 
¦b¦U°ê³»¦y¬ì¾Ç®a»Eºë·|¯«ªºª`µø¤U, ¯««O±Ð±Â»P°ê»ÚÅJÄq®õ¤æ­³º¸¯Ç¯ý°ò(Vladimir Vernadsky) ±Ð±Â¦@¦Pµoªí¤F¼f¬d³ø§i¡C¬°¤F¬ö©À³o´Úµ}¦³Äqª«ªº­º¦¸µo²{¦a, ¤j·|¥¿¦¡±N¨ä©w¦W¬° ¡uHokutolite¡v(Hokuto §Y¡u¥_§ë¡vªº¤é»yµo­µ, lite «h¬OÄqª«¾Çªº¦r§À) , ¤¤¤å«K¥¿¦¡©w¦W¬°¡u¥_§ë¥Û¡v¡C 
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Radium Light in the Valley: The Century-Old Legend of the Rare Mineral "Hokutolite" 

On the northern fringe of the Taipei Basin, amidst the curling mists of the Tatun Volcano Group, lies a scientific legend that belongs to Taiwan and the world. If you have ever strolled through the Beitou hot spring area and heard the murmuring of the creek, you must not miss this hot spring treasure¡XHokutolite. Out of thousands of minerals on Earth, it is the only one named after a Taiwanese locality. Its birth is the result of a long, thousand-year tempering process by volcanoes and hot springs, while its discovery was a romantic encounter between a geologist and a scientific coincidence. 

The Prelude: Mysterious Crystals Beneath the Thermal Valley  
The story begins in 1905, the 38th year of the Meiji era during the Japanese colonial period. At that time, Yohachiro Okamoto, a young geologist working for the Productive Industries Bureau of the Taiwan Governor-General's Office, packed his bags and traveled across Taiwan to conduct meticulous mineral collections. One day, he strolled along the banks of the Beitou Creek, following the hot spring steam. Near the riverbed close to today's historic "Long Nice Hot Spring" (Longnai Hot Spring) bathhouse, Okamoto noticed a peculiar sight: scattered in the clear yet high-temperature, highly acidic creek water were coarse andesite gravels. However, the surfaces of these stones were encrusted with layers of tiny, rhombohedral crystals¡Xmeasuring only about 1 centimeter in thickness¡Xthat appeared milky white or light yellowish-brown. These crystals gleamed with an understated light under the sun, looking vastly different from ordinary river stones. Okamoto's heart skipped a beat; he intuitively felt that these hot spring sediments were anything but simple. He carefully chipped them off, placed them into specimen bags, and brought them back to his laboratory. 

The Key: A Pack of Undeveloped Photographic Film 
When this batch of mineral specimens was first brought back, its origins were not immediately unlocked. It was not until two years later that an "accidental coincidence," now inscribed in the annals of scientific history, took place. One day in 1907, while tidying his room and research equipment, Yohachiro Okamoto happened to stack a packet of undeveloped camera film on top of the brown crystal specimens collected from Beitou Creek. A few days later, when he stepped into the darkroom to develop the film, the scene before his eyes left him speechless. Despite being completely unexposed to light and tightly wrapped in black paper, the film showed signs of localized exposure, complete with dark shadows and radial spots! In that era of scientific frenzy in the early 20th century, shortly after Marie Curie discovered "radium," Okamoto's sharp intuition was instantly awakened. He realized that this stone was releasing an invisible force. Through repeated testing with scholars like Misukichi Harukaze, they finally confirmed that these crystals, composed of lead sulfate and barium sulfate, actually contained an extremely minuscule yet extraordinarily precious radioactive element¡X"Radium." 

Academic Resonance Across the Ocean 
The news of the discovery of radium-bearing ore in Beitou Creek spread rapidly. In the autumn of 1907, Professor Kotora Jimbo, a leading mineralogy authority from Tokyo Imperial University in Japan, personally came to Taiwan. When he saw the specimens collected by Okamoto with his own eyes, he was astonished to find that the crystal structure of this mineral was identical to the mysterious sediment he had previously observed at Tamagawa Hot Spring in Akita Prefecture, Japan. This discovery tightly bound Beitou in Taiwan and Akita in Japan¡Xtwo volcanic hot spring regions¡Xtogether through the lens of geology. Only then did humanity realize how harsh the conditions required to give birth to such a mineral truly are: it must simultaneously possess highly acidic hot spring water, unique volcanic rock characteristics, and hundreds to thousands of years of slow sedimentation undisturbed by external forces. 

Official Naming in St. Petersburg 
In November 1912, the first year of the Taisho era, Professor Kotora Jimbo traveled across the Eurasian continent with this precious specimen from Taiwan to attend the International Geological Congress (IGC) in St. Petersburg, Russia. Under the intense gaze of top scientists from various countries, Professor Jimbo, alongside the international radium pioneer Professor Vladimir Vernadsky, jointly presented the review report. To commemorate the locality where this rare mineral was first discovered, the congress officially designated it as "Hokutolite" ("Hokuto" being the Japanese pronunciation of Beitou, and "lite" being the standard suffix in mineralogy), which was formally named "¥_§ë¥Û" (Beitou Rock/Stone) in Chinese. That year, the name of Beitou, a small geothermal town in Taiwan, was officially written into the global dictionaries of science and geology. 

The Lingering Radium Light Across a Century 
The discovery of Hokutolite not only shook the academic community but also changed the destiny of Beitou. In 1923, when Japanese Crown Prince Hirohito (later Emperor Showa) visited Taiwan, he specially changed into straw sandals and walked down into the Beitou Creek valley to search for this legendary stone with his own eyes. Later in 1934, when the physics team at Taihoku Imperial University (now National Taiwan University) conducted Asia's very first artificial nuclear transmutation experiment, they also utilized Hokutolite as a critical radiation source for comparison. Today, due to long-term development and over-collection, very little Hokutolite remains in its original habitat along Beitou Creek, and the site has been strictly protected as a "Natural Reserve" by the government. Yet, whenever we step into the Beitou Hot Spring Museum and gaze at that piece of Hokutolite resting quietly in the display case, emitting faint radiation, we can almost still hear the gasp of admiration uttered by Yohachiro Okamoto in his darkroom a century ago upon seeing the exposed film. This is the story of a stone, and a most precious scientific gift presented by the land of Taiwan to the world. 



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A high-precision mica window Geiger-Müller counter nuclear radiation meter was used to test the sample.

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When the sample was tested with rough measurement, the results ​​were largely similar, its indicating that this mineral with very weak radioactivity.

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Radioactivity Research Parameters of Hokutolite

Since hokutolite contains trace radioactivity, using a radiation meter serves as a benchmark method for its identification. However, due to its extremely low radium content, its overall radiation level remains very minimal. Taking Hong Kong's median indoor background radiation level of 0.15 £gSv/hr (measured as <0.2 £gSv/hr by the NSC Laboratory) as a baseline, the measured value of this museum specimen is 0.28 £gSv/hr (with a maximum value of 0.34 £gSv/hr). The test results indicate that while the ore sample exhibits micro-radioactivity, it is far too low to pose any threat to human health over a short period. In fact, even for the massive 800 kg hokutolite specimen preserved in Taiwan, its maximum surface radiation dose is merely 1.29 £gSv/hr!
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Located in Beitou, Taipei, the "Jiashan Hotel" (now known as the Beitou Museum) is a century-old municipal historic site. It is also the largest surviving authentic Japanese-style, two-story pure wooden structure in Taiwan. 

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A Century of Taisho Romance: The Legendary Evolution of the Beitou Museum 

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Its legendary historical transformation: 

The Most Exclusive Hot Spring Hotel in Beitou and a Geological Treasure during the Japanese Rule Era (1921¡V): Founding and Naming: Construction began in 1921 (the 10th year of the Taisho era). It was operated by the Yoshida family, who crossed the sea from Kyushu, Japan, to Taiwan. Situated on a serene hillside in "Oku-Beitou" (Inner Beitou), it offered a breathtaking panoramic view of the Guandu Plain. Carrying the meaning of "blessing," it was named the "Jiashan Hot Spring Hotel." Jiashan was the most upscale and expensive luxury hot spring accommodation in Beitou at the time. According to historical records, a one-night stay with two meals cost as much as six yen, an amount that could buy over one ping (approx. 3.3 square meters) of land around the New Beitou Railway Station back then. The hotel¡¦s hot springs drew from Beitou¡¦s unique green sulfur spring, which is the very source that nurtures "Hokutolite"¡Xa world-class, rare radioactive mineral. First discovered in the Beitou Creek in 1905 by Japanese scholar Yohachiro Okamoto, it is the only mineral in the world named after a place in Taiwan. Its extremely slow crystallization rate (taking about 130 years to accumulate just 1 millimeter) mirrored the top-tier luxury of the Jiashan Hotel. 

Architecture: The main building adopted the "shoin-zukuri" architectural style (originating from 16th and 17th-century samurai residences), which was highly popular in Japan at the time. As the business expanded, an independent annex named "Taoran Ju" was added in 1935. In 1938, the hotel expanded again, creating the "Da-Guang-Jian" (Grand Banquet Hall)¡Xa massive space with sixty tatami mats that could accommodate gatherings of over a hundred people. A Place of Ultimate Farewell for the Kamikaze Special Attack Unit in the Late Stage of WWII (1940s): During the latter phase of the Pacific War, Allied offensives grew fierce, leaving the Japanese military severely short on resources. Due to its privacy and high-end status, the Jiashan Hotel was requisitioned by the Imperial Japanese Navy and converted into a "Japanese Military Officers' Club" (also known as the Jiashan Guest House). At that time, the Japanese military conscripted and formed the "Kamikaze Special Attack Unit" in Taiwan to carry out suicidal attacks. According to oral accounts from local elders documented in the article "Interviews on Beitou Hot Springs" within the Taipei Historical Documents, a week before the pilots were scheduled to sortied from the Hsinchu Airfield, the military would send large groups of young special attack unit members to the Jiashan Hotel in Beitou for a vacation, allowing them to soak in the hot springs and revel in festivities as a form of consolation. These teenage soldiers, aged only 15 to 17, were permitted to spend their final night of farewell banquets here with their loved ones, comrades, or geishas right before their point-of-no-return ultimate mission. 

Evidence of this historical legacy was found in 2002 during the major restoration of the museum. Behind the disassembled closet sliding doors, workers discovered old ledgers used as padding materials due to wartime shortages in the late stages of World War II. These accounts clearly recorded the consumption of the time, such as "two yen for food, 8.75 yen for geishas...". These entries were left behind by the Kamikaze pilots just before their ultimate farewell to life. 

In the early post-WWII period, after the National Government of the Republic of China relocated to Taiwan, the ownership was transferred from the original operator to the state and handed over to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of China. It was subsequently used as the "Jiashan Dormitory" to house military personnel and civilians, and later as the "Jiashan Guest House" for official vacations. In the mid-1960s, due to high maintenance costs, the government auctioned and sold the property to the private sector. This coincided with the golden age of Taiwanese-language cinema (with Beitou being hailed as the "Hollywood of Taiwan"). Due to its exceptionally well-preserved classical Japanese architectural style, Jiashan became a highly sought-after filming location. As the movie Gu-Yue-Zhuang (The Ancient Moon Manor) of the same name was filmed here, the public has often affectionately called this place "Gu-Yue-Zhuang" ever since. This continued until its contemporary revitalization, transforming it into the Beitou Museum to carry on cultural and historical heritage (from 1983 to the present). In 1983, Mr. Chang Chun-ming, Chairman of San Fu Chemical, purchased the building and founded the "Taiwan Folk Art Antique House" to preserve early Taiwanese folk relics, which was officially renamed the "Beitou Museum" in 1987. In 1998, the Beitou Museum was formally designated as a municipal historic site by the Taipei City Government. Today, it is not only a treasure trove showcasing Taiwanese indigenous and early folk artifacts, but it also safeguards local history and the precious memories of "Hokutolite" alongside the neighboring Beitou Hot Spring Museum, which displays a legendary 800-kilogram Hokutolite rock. Furthermore, it has transformed into a multi-functional cultural space blending Japanese Kaiseki cuisine, tea ceremony experiences, and cultural and creative performances, allowing the century-long vicissitudes of the former Jiashan Hotel to undergo an elegant rebirth in an era of peace. 

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A Highlight of the Collection at the Beitou Museum: Koxinga's Calligraphy Masterpiece

The Mystery of the Calligraphy's Authenticity 
The "Koxinga Cursive Script Hanging Scroll" exhibited in the Beitou Museum is a precious treasure of the house purchased from overseas by the founder, Mr. Chang Chun-ming. It is said to be a self-deprecating poem composed by Koxinga (Zheng Sen) at the age of 32, revealing a softer, literary side of his personality. However, its authenticity remains a subject of debate within historical and cultural circles. Since Koxinga passed away at the young age of 39 and spent his entire life in military campaigns, authentic pieces of his calligraphy handed down through history are extremely rare. Furthermore, the widespread reverence for him across generations has spawned numerous pseudonymous and forged works. The tone of this poem also contrasts sharply with his image as a military commander, leading scholars to adopt a cautious stance. Nonetheless, whether or not it is an authentic autograph, this piece serves as a profound testament to the high regard Taiwanese private collectors hold for local historical artifacts, making it an invaluable historical vehicle for researching the "cultural cult of Koxinga."


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Agehana maraho and Hokutolite

The "Agehana maraho (Taiwan Broad-tailed Swallowtail)," the "phantom butterfly" that has soared throughthousands of years of the Ice Age. With the vivid, fish-tail-shaped red spots on its broad, interconnectedhindwings, it proudly dons the honor of the Atayal mountain "chieftain/chief (Maraho)." Hokutolite, a hot springtreasure hidden amidst the curling geothermal mists of the Tatun Volcano Group. After enduring centuries of continuous tempering by volcanoes and highly acidic creek waters, its mysterious identity¡Xharboring the traceradioactive element "Radium"¡Xwas unlocked by the accidental exposure of a packet of undeveloped film.

End of File


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