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Monument to the Unclaimed Souls

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To pay the deepest respects to the countless compatriots who perished in the Nanjing Massacre of 1937, the Acta Scientrium Ngensis has specially crafted a small Monument to the Unclaimed Souls. Also known as the "Memorial Monument," it symbolizes eternal mourning for the nameless souls who lost their lives in that great suffering. Though the monument is small, it bears the heavy weight of history and sincere emotion. The deceased are not forgotten; their memory endures. There are no names inscribed on the monument, as it stands for countless nameless souls. Our tribute is not a mere formal ritual, but an act of historical conscience and a resonance of the soul. May this "Memorial Monument" stand here forever as a reminder to future generations¡Xensuring that the price paid in human lives is never forgotten, and that the breath of history continues to echo between the land and the wind. (Image source: From the collection of Acta Scientrium Ngensis 2026)

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Red plum blossoms in full bloom to the southeast of Xiwazi at the foot of Zijin Mountain. (Image source: Acta Scientrium Ngensis 2026)

µµª÷¤s (しきんざん) のÄS¡B¦èºÚ¤l (せいくわし) のªF«nに咲き¸Øる¬õ±öのªá¡C (画¹³¥X¨å¡GActa Scientrium Ngensis 2026

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Record of Spiritual Communion with the Unclaimed Souls

In the 115th year of the Republic of China, the year of Bingwu, during the first lunar month, I arrived at Xiwazi Village in Jinling (Nanjing) to pay respects at the graves of the unclaimed souls. This is the place where three thousand aggrieved souls were buried. At that time, amidst the chaos of the Japanese invasion of China and the fall of Nanjing, blood soaked the city walls and fortresses, and skeletons lay scattered across mountains and fields. The misfortune of the nation had reached its absolute peak at this moment! This mound of earth, right at the time when the enemy breached the city, saw rivers of blood and fields of corpses, with the sounds of wailing shaking heaven and earth.
The country was shattered and families destroyed; it has been more than eighty years since then, yet those departed souls still gather here. Remembering the past, we brought a small stone monument inscribed with "Monument to the Unclaimed Souls" and buried it beside the old grave to preserve this act of remembrance. We bowed repeatedly and whispered to them: "We, the generations that follow, shall remember this place and never let your brave spirits be forgotten." Yet heaven and earth possess spirit, and the ghosts and gods endure; though more than eighty years have passed, their souls have not dissipated. With a heart full of grief and compassion, I buried the stone monument to mark the names of these lonely souls in the netherworld.
I then sealed the shrine position with fresh soil, bowed, and declared: "Those who come after should know that the remains of unclaimed souls rest here." A few days later, I returned to Hong Kong (Heung Hoi), bringing back a small handful of local soil as a keepsake. Upon opening it, I found the soil was slightly white in color, interspersed with fragments of bone resembling teeth. I was deeply shaken, realizing that there was indeed a spiritual communion from the unseen world. How sorrowful! Unrecognized during life, yet still manifesting signs after death¡Xthis is the clear proof of the imperishable soul.
Alas! The world undergoes great changes and cities alter their forms over time, yet the loyal souls remain right here. Feeling their spirit, I said: "Please rest in peace; we, your descendants, will uphold this righteousness to comfort your hearts." This is truly the inextinguishable, noble spirit between heaven and earth. Recalling the tragic horrors of the massacre back then, where souls perished across the rivers and mountains, though times have changed and circumstances have shifted, this land still holds warmth. The spirit lives on, and thus we offer this sacrifice to their souls.
I felt deeply as if the deceased, properly attired and solemn in demeanor, looked at me with a faint smile and said: "Thank you for coming to pay respects, allowing us all to return to our old city and no longer wander displaced." Thus, I record these experiences to pass down to future generations, so they may know that heaven and earth possess deep feeling, life and death can commune in spirit, and the realms of the living and the dead are not entirely severed.
Alas! Though the aggrieved souls are silent, human conscience is not dead; though the blood and tears have dried, the noble spirit endures forever. May the scholars of future generations, whenever they pass by this place, never forget the people within this mound of earth¡Xthis is the tomb of the unclaimed souls.
Inscription

Inscription
Silent yet not extinct, obscure yet still bright;
The wind wails over the ancient grave, while sunlight shines upon Jinling.
More than eighty years have passed, yet resolve remains in human hearts;
O souls, do not weep; O grave, do not become desolate;
Years may change, but the righteous path flourishes forever;
Though their fair names are lost to time, their noble spirit leaves a long-lasting fragrance;
Unclaimed souls, your spiritual presence spreads across all directions;
On the path of Xiwazi Village, we walk alongside you.

Spring Month of the Bingwu Year, 115th Year of the Republic of China
Respectfully recorded by Acta Scientrium Ngensis

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The area around Linggu Temple in the eastern suburbs of Nanjing has been a serene and deep, solemn place since ancient times. Nearby in the eastern suburbs, there is a location known as the "Mass Grave Site," which in days past was the final resting place for unclaimed souls. Tradition has it that a "Monument to the Unclaimed Souls" once stood here, with the grief and helplessness of those nameless victims inscribed upon it. Regrettably, by the 1940s, the stone monument had long been lost, vanished with the wind, leaving behind only legends and a wisp of memory in human hearts. These quietly resting remains are precisely those of one of the unclaimed souls buried here back then. Chinese people have long held the custom of gathering soil and keeping relics as a keepsake for remembrance, symbolizing longing and respect for the deceased. Yet within this gesture, it seems to have inadvertently called forth a "response" from the departed spirits. It is nothing to be feared, but rather the most sincere tribute from later generations to their ancestors. This is no taboo, but a warmth that spans across eras, reminding us that for every grain of dust upon this land, someone once lived and someone once passed away. (Image source: Acta Scientrium Ngensis 2026)

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The Past and Present of the Unclaimed Souls' Tomb in Xiwazi Village

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The upper image presents the original appearance of the "Unclaimed Souls' Cemetery" in the 1940s. At that time, the cemetery was dilapidated and desolate, surrounded by overgrown weeds; most of the tombstones had collapsed with their inscriptions blurred and hard to discern, and some stone monuments were even lost during the turbulent post-war years. It was a period when the site was left unrenovated and unattended. This land bears the remains of countless nameless victims from the Nanjing Massacre of 1937, serving as the deepest scar on human conscience. The lower image, captured in 2026, shows the current appearance of the exact same Unclaimed Souls' Cemetery. Having endured nearly eighty years of vicissitudes, the cemetery area has long since become clean and orderly, the monuments have been restored, and the surroundings are shaded by trees, creating a quiet and peaceful environment. The renovation project spearheaded by the Nanjing Municipal Government in 1985 restored the due respect to this forgotten burial ground. The re-erected memorial monuments not only brought back the solemnity of history but also represent the world's eternal and heartfelt remembrance of the departed souls. Spanning over half a century between the two images, the desolation of the past contrasts sharply with the tranquility of today. Together, they convey a single message: though time flows on, memory does not fade; while the historical tragedy has receded into the past, guarding the truth and humanity remains the responsibility of one generation after another. The former Tomb of the Unclaimed Souls within Xiwazi Village is known today as the Nanjing Massacre Eastern Suburbs Mass Grave Site. (Image source: Acta Scientrium Ngensis 2026)

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This photograph records the Japanese military gathering captured soldiers and civilians from within Nanjing city on Zhongshan Road, who were then immediately transferred to various locations to be massacred. (Image source: Acta Scientrium Ngensis)

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Introduction: Unclaimed Souls Are Not Alone

The Eastern Suburbs area of the Linggu Temple at the Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum in Nanjing, long referred to merely as a mass grave for nameless victims, was historically known as the "Tomb of the Unclaimed Souls." During the Nanjing Massacre, seven thousand Chinese captives were slaughtered in the area spanning from Maqun Town to Linggu Temple. Although their identities were not explicitly recorded by name, relevant historical documents and Azuma Shiro's diary explicitly reveal that they were National Army soldiers defending Nanjing, belonging to the main forces of the southeastern defense line such as the Nanjing Garrison Command and the Central Training Corps, which goes without saying. According to the records of the Monument to the Unclaimed Souls, the Linggu Temple Unclaimed Souls' Tombstone (the original monument is now lost) marked the burial of over three thousand corpses. A submission by the puppet Bureau of Health in 1941 explicitly identified them as "soldiers killed in action and martyred heroes from the Maqun, Linggu Temple, and Xiaolingwei areas during the Incident." The construction of the Linggu Temple Unclaimed Souls' Tomb was, in reality, a memorial facility hastily erected by the puppet Nanjing Municipal Government's Bureau of Health after the Nanjing Massacre to cover up the atrocities of the Japanese military. According to the submission by the puppet Bureau of Health dated April 21, 1941, the tomb held the remains of over three thousand unclaimed bodies, all belonging to soldiers killed in action and martyred heroes from the Maqun, Linggu Temple, and Xiaolingwei areas during the Incident. Due to the excessive number of corpses stacked and buried, the tomb structure could not be firmly compacted, causing the blue bricks to collapse and the brick walls to ruin, which urgently required a generous allocation of funds for meticulous repair.

(See: [Submission from the Puppet Bureau of Health Regarding the Repair of the Linggu Temple Unclaimed Souls' Tomb to Puppet Nanjing Mayor Cai Pei (April 21, 1941) / Nanjing Municipal Archives 1002/6/388])
.Although specific names were not listed, the geographic location precisely corresponds to the massacre site of the Japanese 16th Division. The tragic sight of bones bursting through the collapsing tomb clearly manifested their status as military personnel. Accounts by officials of the puppet government also pointed out that these were the remains of National Army soldiers defending the city; though the tomb was renovated to whitewash the atrocities, the truth has gradually come to light.

Corroboration from Azuma Shiro's Diary

Azuma Shiro belonged to the 20th Infantry Regiment of the 16th Division. His diary records in detail that from December 14 to 16, 1937, while on guard duty at Maqun Town, seven thousand captives were distributed among various companies, with each company assigning two to three hundred men to be "executed on their own initiative," leaving only a military doctor who knew the location of the food supplies. This group of captives was clearly composed of scattered officers and soldiers from the Defense of Nanjing. Azuma Shiro bluntly stated that "the lives of seven thousand people vanished in an instant," which highly coincides with the number of corpses and the geographic area in the puppet submission, confirming that they were an organized National Army unit rather than disorganized stragglers. These seven thousand captives mainly originated from units under the command of the Nanjing Garrison Command, the core being the Central Training Corps (commanded by Gui Yongqing, consisting of the 1st, 3rd, and 4th Regiments and the Special Service Regiment, totaling about 15,000 men, responsible for the southeastern defense line of Zijin Mountain) and the 2nd Gendarmerie Training Regiment (partially attached to the Garrison), supplemented by the 36th Division (commanded by Song Xilian, along with scattered troops from the 88th Division commanded by Sun Yuanliang). The defending forces of Nanjing totaled over one hundred thousand men; the eastern suburbs from Qilin Gate to Linggu Temple were defended to the death by the Central Training Corps. After clearing the area, the Japanese military captured and gathered them at Xiwazi Village for massacre, and the surviving remains became the source of the Tomb of the Unclaimed Souls. The puppet archives and the diary mutually corroborate each other, leaving no room for doubt regarding their identity as Nationalist soldiers. This is ironclad historical evidence: the directives to repair the tomb issued by puppet Nanjing Mayor Cai Pei and Bureau of Health Director Wei Xiliang, alongside Azuma Shiro's apology in his later years, all bear witness to this catastrophe. The officers and soldiers of the National Army shed their blood to defend the city, only to be brutally slaughtered and buried by the Japanese military. Naturally, it is also believed that the victims inside included a significant number of innocent civilians and villagers who tragically perished in the flames of war. The affiliation of the troops is not only clear, but it has also become an indelible testimony to the Nanjing Massacre.
The importance of the identity of the heroic souls resting beneath the Monument to the Unclaimed Souls lies in its role as a beacon of history, illuminating the brutal truth of the Nanjing Massacre. As the saying goes, "A person leaves a name behind just as a wild goose leaves a cry." Although their bones are nameless, the mutual corroboration between the Wang Jingwei puppet regime's archives and Azuma Shiro's diary explicitly shows that they were anti-Japanese officers and soldiers of the Nationalist Nanjing Garrison Command and the Central Training Corps, who fought bloodily on the southeastern defense line of Zijin Mountain and heroically laid down their lives to defend the capital of the Republic of China. These three thousand-plus corpses were not entirely ordinary civilians, but organized heroes of the National Army belonging to the 1st, 3rd, and 4th Regiments and the Special Service Regiment of Gui Yongqing's Central Training Corps. They held the strategic pass from Qilin Gate to Linggu Temple, and after being scattered and captured in December 1937, they were brutally slaughtered by the Japanese 16th Division. Although the puppet Bureau of Health's submission avoided the harsh reality and vaguely referred to them as "soldiers killed in action and martyred heroes," it actually leaked the truth; Azuma Shiro's personal account of the tragedy where seven thousand captives were "executed on their own initiative" further corroborates their role as military personnel. Confirming their identity restores the true face of history, allowing the nameless souls to break free from the shackles of being "unclaimed" and be forever recorded in the annals of history. The immortal value of these heroic souls lies in the fact that they died for the Republic of China, defending the soil and resisting the invasion; their spirits are imperishable, transforming into the backbone of the nation. Today, the monument at Xiwazi Village near the Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum stands as a testament to their loyalty and heroism, reminding our future generations that the pain of a shattered nation and destroyed homes was brought by the iron hooves of the Japanese invaders, while the resolve for the nation's eternal existence is entrusted to these immortal heroic souls. The unclaimed souls are not nameless; they represent the collective embodiment of the anti-Japanese soldiers of our Republic of China, inspiring people today to defend dignity and forever cherish the memory of our martyrs.

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Preface I: Nanjing. Mass Grave Sites. Memorial Monuments

Within Nanjing city, there are currently about 17 mass grave sites and over 20 memorial monuments related to the Nanjing Massacre of 1937. Supplemented by more than 20 memorial monuments, including the Jiangdongmen Victims Monument, the Caoxiexia 12.13 Monument, the Eastern Suburbs Monument, the Zhongshan Wharf Monument, and the Torpedo Camp Monument, they jointly safeguard historical truth. These commemorative sites preserve the remains of perished compatriots and historical traces. These Major Historical and Cultural Sites Protected at the National Level are distributed across districts such as Xiaguan, Zijin Mountain, and Yuhuatai. The Jiangdongmen Mass Grave Site (located at No. 418 Shuiximen Avenue, Jianye District, which is the main body of the Memorial Hall) holds buried remains of over 10,000 victims, making it the largest pit of ten thousand corpses. At Xiwazi Village in the Eastern Suburbs (east of Linggu Temple, southeast of Zijin Mountain), around 20,000 corpses were piled up like mountains. At Caoxiexia (at the northern foothills of Mufu Mountain near the Xiaguan riverbank), over 57,000 people were shot and thrown into the river. At Yanziji (Yanziji, Luhe District), thousands of corpses lined the riverbank. At Zhongshan Wharf (Zhongshan Wharf, Xiaguan District), there were approximately 5,000 victims; at Yijiangmen (Yijiangmen, Xiaguan District), over 3,000 victims; at Qingliang Mountain (Qingliang Mountain, Xuanwu District), about 2,000 victims; at Meitangang (Meitangang, Qinhuan District), more than a thousand victims; at Beijige (Beijige, Jianye District), around 1,000 victims; at Shangxinhe (Shangxinhe, Yuhuatai District), several thousand victims; at the Torpedo Camp (Torpedo Camp, Yuhuatai District), over 2,000 victims; at Hanzhongmen (at the intersection of Hanzhong Road and Huju Road, Gulou District), about 1,500 victims; at Pude Temple (Pude Temple, Qixia District, beneath the TV tower), a pit of ten thousand corpses containing 9,721 bodies; at Wutai Mountain (Wutai Mountain, Qixia District), about 3,000 victims; at Zhengjue Temple (Zhengjue Temple, Qixia District), 2,000 victims; at Huashen Temple (Huashen Temple, Jiangning District), more than a thousand victims; and at Nanjing University (within the campus, Gulou District), about 500 victims. Together, these mass grave sites interred over 150,000 bodies. The remaining victims were either scattered in the river or remain unconfirmed, bringing the total estimated burial count to over 200,000 bodies (based on the burial records of 112,266 bodies inside and outside the city by the Chongshan Tang and the Red Cross Society, with single locations like the Jiangdongmen pit exceeding 10,000). However, because the Japanese military burned corpses and discarded them into the river, the precise grand total is difficult to determine; the official figure recognizes a total of 300,000 victims in the Nanjing Massacre.
Among the 17 existing mass grave sites of the Nanjing Massacre, the author concentrated research on the Tomb of the Unclaimed Souls in Xiwazi Village, Linggu Temple area. This site is seldom mentioned in official records, remains little known, and detailed historical materials are indeed scarce. During the Nanjing Massacre, the Japanese military rampaged around Linggu Temple in the southeast of Zijin Mountain. After slaughtering tens of thousands of Chinese civilians and soldiers in December 1937, they abandoned the corpses in the wild grass, and Xiwazi Village, serving as a population hub during the Republican period (with 39 households and 186 people according to 1931 statistics), became one of the burial sites. This has been cross-verified against the famous scholar Mr. Sun Zhaiwei's records from his Eastern Suburbs investigations in the 1980s. He personally visited the mass grave sites in the Eastern Suburbs to conduct field research, searching deeply for the faintest clues of the massacre's traces. At that time, he and his wife arrived at the Eastern Suburbs Mass Grave Site for Perished Compatriots, located east of Linggu Temple on the southeast of Zijin Mountain, and discovered a remnant arc-shaped concrete tomb ring hidden amidst overgrown wild grass. Mr. Sun Zhaiwei took out a ruler he carried with him, carefully measuring its curvature, diameter, and remaining height, repeatedly calculating its possible original form in an attempt to match it with the stone monument base of the "Tomb of the Unclaimed Souls" recorded in historical documents. Ultimately, however, it could not be definitively determined whether this remnant was a vestige of the Unclaimed Souls tablet erected in the 27th year of the Republic. This firsthand experience was not only recorded in his research notes but also highlights the hardships of verifying historical sites of the Nanjing Massacre, reminding later generations that historical truth must be sought within ruins and fragments. Through Mr. Sun Zhaiwei's field verification, one can attempt to fill the blanks in history, allowing nameless departed souls to see the light of day once again.

Continuing the previous research on the Tomb of the Unclaimed Souls in Xiwazi Village, Linggu Temple area, the author spent over a decade between 2013 and 2026 before finally embarking on a thorough investigation of the Eastern Suburbs Mass Grave Site in recent years. Although the tangible results were few, it represents a solemn fulfillment of a promise made to the departed souls. During this period, while research on the Nanjing Massacre saw the expansion of the Memorial Hall and the upgrading of public memorial services, the Eastern Suburbs area faced increasing development pressure due to its proximity to the Linggu Temple scenic district. Farmlands have now become history, and surviving vestiges are even harder to find. Using Mr. Sun Zhaiwei's old records for comparison, the author returned to the site but could no longer find the surveyed arc-shaped concrete tomb ring or its extended boundaries. Though there were no breakthrough developments, the effort culminated merely in a single page of field notes and a few coordinate maps. Even if what was gained is minimal, for me personally, this persistence is enough comfort. It has transformed into concrete action for the nameless victims who perished, akin to lighting a faint glimmer amidst the ashes of history. The author records this text to hope that those who come after will take up the relay, allowing the Tomb of the Unclaimed Souls in Xiwazi Village to move from the margins into the public eye, forever commemorating that tragic period of time.

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Nanjing Memory: The Courtyard of John Rabe's Former Residence in Nanjing

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¤G¦¸¥@¬É¤j¾Ô´Á¶¡¡A¼w°ê°Ó¤H¬ù¿«¡P©Ô¨© (John Rabe) ¦b¤¤°ê­º³£«n¨Ê¾á¥ô«n¨Ê¦w¥þ°Ï°ê»Ú©e­û·|¥D®u¡A¥H«D¤Zªº¤H¹Dºë¯«±Ï§U¼Æ¤Q¸U¤¤°êÃø¥Á¡A¦¨¬°¤@¬q¾ú¥v¨Î¸Ü¡C1937¦~«n¨Ê²_³´«á¡A¤é¥»­x¶¤µo°Ê¤j±O±þ¡A©Ô¨©»P¨ä¥L¥~°ê¤H¤h¦b«°¤º³]¥ß¦w¥þ°Ï¡A¬°¤¤°ê°üÀ©´£¨Ñ§ÈÅ@¡A¾Ú¨ä¤é°O°O¸ü¡A¦w¥þ°Ï¦¬®e¹O25¸U¤H¡A¥L¿Ë¦Û¥X­±¼Æ¤Q¦¸¦V¤é­x¥æ¯A¡Aªý¤î¼É¦æ¡A¬Æ¦Ü¥´¥X¯ÇºéºX¥H¾_Äà¤J«IªÌ¡A®¾±ÏµL¼Æ¥Í©R ¡Cµ§ªÌ´¿¨â«×¨ì³X«n¨Ê¡A¨C¦¸¥²«e©¹«IµØ¤é­x«n¨Ê¤j±O±þ¹JÃø¦P­M¬ö©ÀÀ]¤ºªº©Ô¨©¬G©~¾Ì¤Ý¡AIJºN¨º®y¤p¼Óªº¿jÀð¡A²`·P³o¦ì¡u«n¨Êªº¬¡¦ò¡v¹ï¤H©Êªº¦uÅ@¡A¦Ü¤µ¤´·P°Ê«á¤H»Ê°O¤H©Ê¥ú½÷¡C¹Ï¤ù¨Ó·½: ©µ³®¬ì¾Çºî¦X«Ç2026

During World War II, John Rabe, a German businessman, served as the chairman of the International Committee for the Nanjing Safety Zone in the Chinese capital of Nanjing. With an extraordinary humanitarian spirit, he rescued hundreds of thousands of Chinese refugees, creating a renowned chapter in history. Following the fall of Nanjing in 1937, the Japanese military unleashed a massive massacre. Rabe, along with other foreign nationals, established a safety zone within the city to provide sanctuary for Chinese women and children. According to his diaries, the safety zone sheltered over 250,000 people. He personally intervened dozens of times to negotiate with the Japanese military to halt their atrocities, and even displayed the Nazi flag to deter the invaders, thereby saving countless lives. The author has visited Nanjing twice, and on each occasion, made it a point to pay respects at John Rabe's former residence located within the Memorial Hall of the Victims in Nanjing Massacre by Japanese Invaders. Touching the brick walls of that small building, I deeply felt how this "Living Buddha of Nanjing" guarded humanity, an act that continues to move future generations to remember the brilliance of human nature. Image source: Acta Scientrium Ngensis 2026
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Nanjing Memory: From the Nationalist Government to the Presidential Palace's Dongjiandao (East Arrow Lane)

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¶i¤J¥Á°ê«á, ÀHµÛÁ`²Î©²½d³òÂX¤j»P¤º³¡¥\¯à½Õ¾ã, ­ì¥»ÄÝ©ó·þ¸p¥~³òªº¡uªF½b¹D¡v¤@±a³Q¯Ç¤JÁ`²Î©²ªF°¼ªºÄµ½Ã»P«á¶Ô°Ï°ì, ¦¨¬°Á`²Î©²»P¥~¬É¥æ¬Éªº¤@±ø­«­n³q¹D¡C ³o±ø¸ô½u¤@°¼ºò¶KÁ`²Î©²ªF­b¡B°¨´\¡Bĵ½Ã¶¤»P¥æ³q¶¤¾n¦a, ¤@¤è­±¤è«K­xĵ¥X¤J, ¥t¤@¤è­±¤]§@¬°¨¾½Ã½w½Ä±a, ¤À¹j®c©²»P¥«µó, ¨ÏÁ`²Î©²§ó¨ã«Ê³¬©Ê»P­x¨Æ¨¾Å@¦â±m, ³o­Ó¸ôµP¨£ÃÒ着¾ã­Ó«n¨Êªñ¥N¥vªº·É®áÅܤۡC¹Ï¤ù¨Ó·½: ©µ³®¬ì¾Çºî¦X«ÇÂà 2026

Dongjiandao, located within the perimeter of the Nanjing Presidential Palace, was originally a pathway that combined an official road with an archery range near the Liangjiang Governor-General's Yamen during the Qing Dynasty. Possessing the dual functions of military drill and administrative transport, it gradually evolved during the Republican period into a military buffer and security zone on the eastern side of the Presidential Palace, witnessing the spatial transformation from a Qing Dynasty governor-general's office to a modern center of political power. During the period of the Liangjiang Governor-General's Yamen in the Qing Dynasty, a passage reserved for military drills and transport was established on the eastern side of the architectural complex, which locals customarily called "Dongjiandao" (East Arrow Lane). It stood opposite "Xijiandao" (West Arrow Lane, later renamed "Longzixiang") on the western side, forming a symmetrical layout across the office compound. Such lanes served as auxiliary pathways for officials entering and leaving the compound, as well as grounds for personal guards and garrisons to practice archery on horseback, deploy formations, and perform drills, forming an integral part of the office's defense system and thus being designated as an area of a military nature.
Upon entering the Republican era, with the expansion of the Presidential Palace's perimeter and the adjustment of its internal functions, the Dongjiandao area¡Xwhich originally belonged to the periphery of the Governor-General's Yamen¡Xwas integrated into the security and logistics zone on the eastern side of the Presidential Palace, becoming a vital corridor connecting the palace with the outside world. This route closely flanked the eastern garden, stables, and the stations of the guard and transport detachments of the Presidential Palace. On one hand, it facilitated the movement of military and police personnel, and on the other hand, it served as a defensive buffer zone separating the official palace from the urban streets, rendering the Presidential Palace more enclosed and heavily fortified. This street sign stands as a witness to the vicissitudes and transformations throughout the modern history of Nanjing. Image source: From the collection of Acta Scientrium Ngensis 2026

²Ä¤G¦¸¥@¬É¤j戦¤¤¡Bドイツ¤H実·~®aのジョン・ラーベ (John Rabe) は¡B¤¤国の­º³£・«n¨Êにおいて«n¨Ê¦w¥þ区国»Ú©e­û会¥D®uを°Èめ¡B¨Ã¥~れた¤H¹Dºë¯«をもって数¤QÉE¤Hの¤¤国Ãø¥Áを±Ï済し¡B歴¥vに¨èまれる¬ü½Íとなりました¡C1937¦~に«n¨Êが陥¸¨した«á¡B¤é¥»­xが¤j­h±þを¤Þき°_こすと¡Bラーベは¥Lの¥~国¤Hらと¦@に«°内に¦w¥þ区を³]¥ßし¡B¤¤国の°ü¤k¤lに§ÈÅ@を´£¨Ñしました¡C©¼の°O­zによれば¡B¦w¥þ区は25ÉE¤H¥H¤Wを収®eし¡B©¼は¦Ûら数¤Q¦^にわたり¤é¥»­xと¥æ渉して¼É¦æをªý¤îし¡B«I²¤ªÌを«ÂÀ~するためにナチスのºXさえ掲げてµL数の©Rを±Ïいました¡Cµ§ªÌはこれまでに¤G«×«n¨Êを³Xれたことがありますが¡Bその³£«×¡B¥²ず¡u«IµØ¤é­x«n¨Ê¤j­h±þ¹JÃø¦P­M°O©ÀÀ]¡vの¼Å¦a内にあるラベ旧©~を³Xれて«s±¥の·Nをªíし¡Bその¤p楼のレンガ¾ÀにàDれてきました¡Cこの¡u«n¨Êの¬¡仏¡vが¥Üした¤H¶¡©Êへの¦uÅ@は¡B¤µなお«á¥@の¤H々に¤H¶¡©Êの½÷きを°O¾Ðさせる²`い·P°ÊをÉOえ続けています¡C画¹³¥X¨å¡GActa Scientrium Ngensis 2026

«n¨Ê総²Î©²の¼Å¦a内にある¡uªF½b¹D¡vは¡Bもともと²M¥Nの両¦¿総·þ¸pの¥Iªñにあった¡B©x¹D (¤½¹D) と½b¹D (¤}³N°V½m³õ) が¤@Ê^となった³q¸ôであり¡B­x¨Æºt²ßと©x庁¥æ³qという¤G­«の¾÷¯àを³Æえていました¡Cその«á¡B¥Á国´Áに総²Î©²のªF°¼を¦uる­x¨Æªº½w½Ä・ĵ³Æ区°ìへと®}々に変¾Eし¡B²M¥Nの総·þ¸pからªñ¥Nªºな¬F権の¤¤¤ß¦aへと¦ÜるªÅ¶¡ªº転´«をÊ^²{しています¡C²M´Âの両¦¿総·þ¸pの®É¥N¡B総²Î©²«Ø¿v¸sのªF°¼には­x¶¤の°V½mや©¹来のための専¥Î³q¸ôが³]けられており¡B¥Á衆からは²ßºDªºに¡uªF½b¹D¡vと©Iばれていました¡Cこれは¦è°¼にある¡u¦è½b¹D¡v («áに¡uÅ¢¤l«Ñ¡vと§ï称) と対をなし¡B総·þ¸pの«e«áにおける対称ªºな°t¸mを§Î§@っていました¡Cこのような½b¹Dは¡B©x¹±が総·þ¸pに¥X¤Jりするための¸É§Uªºな³q¸ôであると¦P®Éに¡B¿Ë§Lや½Ã§Lが°¨を¨«らせて¤}を®g¡B°}を¼Åき¡B°V½mを¦æう³õ©Òでもあり¡B©x庁の¨¾½ÃÊ^¨tの¤@³¡として¡B­x¨Æªºな©Ê½èを帯びた区°ìに²Õみ込まれていました¡C
¥Á国®É¥Nに¤Jると¡B総²Î©²の¼Å¦a拡¤jと内³¡¾÷¯àの½Õ¾ãに¦ñい¡Bかつて総·þ¸pの¥~縁に属していた¡uªF½b¹D¡vの¤@帯は¡B総²Î©²ªF°¼のĵ³Æおよび§L¯¸ («á¤è¤ä´©) 区°ìへと²Õみ込まれ¡B総²Î©²と¥~³¡をつなぐ­«­nな³q¸ôとなりました¡Cこのルートは¤ù°¼が総²Î©²のªF­b¡B°¨¤p«Î¡Bĵ³Æ¶¤¡B¥æ³q¶¤の¾n¤Ù¦aに±K±µしており¡B­xĵの¥X¤Jりに«K©yを図る¤@¤èで¡B©x庁と¥«µó¦aを¹jてる¨¾½Ãªº½w½Ä帯としても¾÷¯àし¡B総²Î©²の³¬Âê©Êと­x¨Æªº¨¾Å@の¦â±mをより±jめることとなりました¡Cこの¸ô¼Ð (¹D¸ô¼ÐÃÑ) は¡B«n¨Êのªñ¥N¥v¥þÊ^における¿E°Êの変¾Eを¨£¦uり続けてきたµý¤Hなのです¡C画¹³¥X¨å¡GActa Scientrium Ngensis 蔵 2026


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Among the narrow alleys of Lao Mendong in Nanjing, blue bricks and black tiles interlace into a picturesque scene, with flying eaves and upturned corners revealing the elegance of bygone days. During the day, the place bustles with the clamor of voices, the contours of ancient architecture appearing exceptionally sharp under the sunlight. As night falls, dots of lamplight reflect upon the cobblestone pavement, seemingly folding time back into the misty rains of the Six Dynasties. Those classical roof ridges and archways sway in the gentle breeze, exhaling history, making one feel as if they can hear the distant songs and pipes from a thousand years ago¡Xthe continuous, unending charm of an ancient capital. (Image source: Acta Scientrium Ngensis 2026)

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Preface II: Looking Back Over Twenty Years


History is sometimes not something we actively seek out; it approaches us on its own, gently lifting a corner of your life on a certain afternoon, leaving you unable to turn away ever since. Counting from when I first began researching the Nanjing Massacre, it has been nearly twenty years. It has been a long and solitary journey; every time I sifted through archives or revisited old sites, it felt like searching for a distant breath amidst wild grass and desolate smoke. The author still remembers the afternoon I first walked into Jiangdongmen. The sunlight carried a gray haze, and the wind wrapped an indescribable scent. At that time, I had no expectations and was just walking aimlessly, yet right there, I encountered the skeletal remains of the victims. At that instant, time seemed to freeze, as if the realms of the living and the dead briefly intersected. I named that day¡¦s experience "Communion of Yin and Yang," for it truly felt like an invisible covenant¡Xcalled by the deceased and guided by destiny. Over the decade that followed, I occasionally dreamt of the mournful wailing in Nanjing, where those departed souls who had never received proper memorial offerings lay buried. The Eastern Suburbs of Linggu Temple lingered constantly in my heart, like a silent calling.
In 2013, the author had planned to depart for the Tomb of the Unclaimed Souls in the Eastern Suburbs of Linggu Temple, but ultimately failed to make the trip due to the inconvenience of traveling with the elderly and the young. That night, after returning to the hotel where I stayed on Hongwu Road, the author unexpectedly lay on the sofa entirely unable to move. At first, I broke into a cold sweat, my head spun as if heaven and earth were turning upside down, and a ringing sound echoed continuously in my ears. This lasted until past midnight, when it suddenly subsided and I was finally able to stand. This was my very first spiritual communion with the mass burial in the Eastern Suburbs of Linggu Temple. However, when a human wish is genuinely sincere, it is bound to be heard by some form of power. That karmic bond seemed never to have broken; instead, it became clearer. Finally, thirteen years later, the author managed to walk to that very place, bowing before the unclaimed souls to whisper a gentle greeting. At that moment, the wind murmured in the woods, and I felt the deceased right beside me, quietly knowing everything.
The author has walked through three places of profound trauma: Auschwitz in Poland, Nanjing in China, and Nagasaki in Japan. These names resemble echoes in deep valleys within the memory of human history; no matter which side you stand on, the grief is equally heavy. The iron bars of Auschwitz remain cold, the river waters of Nanjing remain dark, and the ruined walls of Nagasaki still tremble in the wind. These were all once "the scenes," yet they remain nightmares from which we have not yet awakened. The most agonizing aspect is the speed with which history is forgotten. Those nameless souls could endure the fires of war, yet they cannot resist people's indifference. When regimes wrap the past in selective language and replace the truth of wounds with fictional tales, history is murdered once again. Regarding the work "The Nanjing Photo Studio" released in 2025, a sense of unease inevitably arises in one's heart. Although the storyline written in the drama aims to express humanity and historical grief, it clearly deviates from the historical facts of the Nanjing Massacre. Those who truly exposed the tragic atrocities of that year to the world were the members of the "International Committee for the Safety Zone," led by figures such as Rabe, Magee, and Vautrin. These foreign nationals recorded the truth with conscience and courage, enabling the outside world to understand Nanjing's suffering. Forcibly rewriting this history into a tale of "Chinese people helping one another," though born out of an intention to beautify national sentiment, inadvertently blurs the true face and context of history instead. Such handling not only weakens the credibility of the actual events but may also lead viewers to misunderstand the truth. History ought to respect facts rather than cater to emotions. Only by presenting it truthfully can the cautionary power of that tragedy endure eternally in the world without being diluted by fiction.
Some things are not open to free artistic creation. I absolutely cannot agree with rewritten history that handles the events of the Nanjing Massacre in this manner while creating severe conflicts with real history. When one feels smug and complacent, do they realize the consequences to be borne in the future?! Commemoration is not only for remembering tragedy but also for preventing humanity from plunging back into the abyss. That year, standing on the mountain path by the Grand Benevolence and Righteousness Archway of Linggu Temple, my heart felt apprehensive as I searched all around. The wind rustled through the bamboo grove like the wailing of days past. Those deceased perhaps have never left; they merely gaze quietly upon the human world, watching to see if we are still willing to face the truth, watching to see if we still remember their names. The judgment of history has never ended; it has merely assumed another form to continue. May this text serve not to accuse anyone, but to remind my own memory, which is the final honesty of humanity. When someone attempts to cover up, distort, or forget, what we can do is to continue speaking the truth that has already been buried by wind and sand, allowing the dead to rest in peace and the living to no longer remain in ignorance.

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The Eastern Suburbs area at the foot of Zijin Mountain. A vast grassland, where two ancient villages, Dongwazi Village and Xiwazi Village, once stood.(Image source: Acta Scientrium Ngensis 2026)

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Xiwazi Village at the Foot of Nanjing's Zhongshan Mountain

The area southeast of Linggu Temple at Nanjing's Zijin Mountain has since ancient times been a piedmont terrace and hilly zone at the eastern foothills of Zhongshan Mountain. By the Ming and Qing dynasties, several mountain-adjacent villages and agrarian settlements had formed here. Among them, the area later known as "Xiwazi Village" was located east of the present-day Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum and Linggu Temple, and around the current Nanjing Sports Park. Judging from available public records, "Xiwazi" was not prominently featured as an explicitly documented village name in Ming and Qing local gazetteers; it resembles more of a natural toponym derived from the local topography. In the dialects of northern China and the Jianghuai region, the term "wazi" usually refers to depressions, small basins, or low-lying terrains. "Xiwazi" thus denoted a piece of low-lying land situated to the west of a certain reference point, such as a village center or a road. This method of naming is extremely common among village toponyms across various regions in China. Public records currently available regarding the terrain and the embryonic forms of the village during the Ming and Qing dynasties mostly focus on Linggu Temple itself, while specific historical accounts of Xiwazi Village since the Ming and Qing eras are exceedingly rare. The primary reason for this is presumed to be that small villages of this nature were often merely mentioned by name in prefectural or county gazetteers, without necessarily having an independent entry. The predecessor of Linggu Temple was the Kaishan Temple of the Liang Dynasty in the Southern Dynasties. During the Hongwu reign of the Ming Dynasty, it was relocated to its current site due to the construction of the Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum, and Zhu Yuanjiang bestowed upon it the name "Linggu Zen Temple," declaring it the "Number One Zen Forest under Heaven." This transformed the southeastern foothills of Zijin Mountain into an important religious and imperial mausoleum space. Under this configuration, natural villages and small settlements bound to provide labor and grain for the temple and mausoleums inevitably emerged nearby, typically taking their names from family surnames or the local topography, such as "Moumou Village," "Moumou Chong," or "Moumou Wazi." Drawing from examples in gazetteers of other regions, toponyms like "wazi" frequently referred to "a small valley surrounded by mountains on three sides with one side open" or "a low-lying area where water accumulates." From the late Qing Dynasty to the Republican Era, the landscape shifted into a suburban village pattern characterized by a "Mausoleum-Temple-Village" structure. Following the late Qing, Nanjing's eastern suburbs underwent transformations driven by modern urban development and the construction of the Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum. Linggu Temple persisted, while the surrounding villages found themselves positioned between traditional agricultural countryside and modern parks and memorial structures. During the Republican period, after the completion of the Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum project, the Zijin Mountain area became a symbolic political and cultural space. Commemorative structures, such as the National Revolutionary Army Fallen Soldiers Memorial Monument and Cemetery, were also erected near Linggu Temple, giving the entire eastern suburbs a staggered, distributed layout of "imperial mausoleums, revolutionary cemeteries, Buddhist temples, villages, and open fields." Xiwazi Village, as an ordinary village situated close to Linggu Temple and the foothill roads, on one hand maintained its farming and residential functions, while on the other hand, due to its geographical location, it was directly exposed to the frontlines of war and the scope of the occupying army's atrocities, laying the background for its later conversion into a mass grave site of the massacre. By the late Qing and early Republic, the area outside Zhengyang Gate (Zhongshan Gate) and along the eastern foothills of Zijin Mountain gradually transitioned from traditional agricultural villages into a "combination of the city and its outskirts." While fields and villages remained, the Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum, Linggu Temple, and the subsequent Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum project turned this section into a concentrated zone for political symbols and public commemorative spaces. It was against this background that Xiwazi Village existed as a common village sandwiched between a sacred religious site, imperial tombs, and new-style memorial architectural complexes. Following the fall of Nanjing in December 1937, the eastern suburbs suffered severe massacres and destruction. Historical documents described the eastern suburbs as a scene where "corpses covered the hills and ridges, bones were exposed on the desolate plains, and due to being uncollected for a long time, they rotted and gave off a foul stench of blood." This included the area extending from outside Zhongshan Gate to Maqun, which also encompassed the vicinity of Xiwazi. Charitable organizations, such as the Chongshan Tang, began collecting and interring remains in this area. According to records, about 33,000 bodies were collected from outside Zhongshan Gate to Maqun and buried on the spot in desolate hills or open fields. One crucial mass burial site among these is precisely the location known today as the "Nanjing Massacre Mass Grave Site for Victims¡XZhongshan Mausoleum Xiwazi Village." Following Deng Xiaoping's Reform and Opening Up by the Chinese Communist Party, Nanjing's eastern suburbs were progressively transformed into sports and leisure green spaces. The original Xiwazi Village and Dongwazi Village were demolished and relocated during urban redevelopment, and the original village sites were cleared to make way for the Sports Park and facilities related to the Nanjing Sport Institute. However, a cemetery and a stone monument have been preserved between Linggu Temple and the Sports Park, explicitly designated as the "Nanjing Massacre Mass Grave Site for Victims at Xiwazi Village, Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum," serving as a permanent memory of this historical period.



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Population Distribution Around Xiwazi Village


Currently available public records for Nanjing's Linggu Temple Scenic Area primarily list attractions such as Linggu Temple, the Beamless Hall (Wuliang Dian), Linggu Pagoda, and Zhigong Hall. However, during the Republican period, there were several alternative location names, such as "Wanshou Temple" and "Anle Tang," which have not been tentatively found in current literature regarding major contemporary remnants or surviving temple names. Therefore, if you come across "Wanshou Temple near Linggu Temple," it is highly likely a result of historical records, old toponyms, or a confusion with temples sharing the same name in other cities, rather than an intact, still-existing temple within today's Linggu Temple Scenic Area. "Anle Lu" (Anle Cottage), recorded in the Jingding Jiankang Gazetteer, was a social relief facility of Jiankang Prefecture, primarily used to shelter people who fell ill during travel and had nowhere else to go. Possessing both healthcare and epidemic prevention characteristics, it belonged to the category of public urban charitable institutions. The text also mentions that there were two such cottages and records their construction and maintenance funds, which demonstrates that this was not an ordinary religious hall, but a public shelter spearheaded by the government. Anle Lu was a temporary institution during the Song Dynasty and has long since ceased to exist; as for Wanshou Temple, if it refers to the outskirts of Nanjing, there is no evidence proving it stood next to Linggu Temple and still survives (the current Linggu Scenic Area comprises the Beamless Hall, Zhigong Hall, etc.).
Furthermore, according to the Report of the Director-General's Mausoleum Management Committee (Volume II) compiled by the Director-General's Mausoleum Management Committee, statistics from June of the 20th year of the Republic of China (1931) show that the population of the villages east of Linggu Temple near Nanjing's Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum consisted primarily of farmers and laborers. Among these, Xiwazi Village was particularly prominent as the largest settlement in the area. Wanshou Temple had only 6 households and 42 people (18 males, 24 females), including 3 farmers and 3 laborers. Linggu Temple had 10 households and 66 people (47 males, 19 females), including 12 farmers, 10 laborers, and 8 monks. Anle Tang had 11 households and 70 people (37 males, 33 females), including 11 farmers and 1 laborer. Dongwazi Village had 29 households and 89 people (80 males, 9 females), with 1 farmer and 1 laborer. In contrast, Xiwazi Village possessed 39 households and 186 people (96 males, 90 females), including 45 professional farmers, 12 laborers, and 2 military personnel. Not only did its number of households and total population far exceed those of the surrounding areas, but its gender distribution was also balanced, its occupations were diverse, and it even included a small military component. This highlighted its stable status as an agricultural hub and economic center on the eastern side of Linggu Temple, providing a crucial comparative reference for the study of suburban village transformation in Republican-era Nanjing.

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The "Utmost Loyalty to the Nation" (Jin Zhong Bao Guo) battle flag was personally handwritten in calligraphy and signed with a stylized monogram (Kao) by Hisao Tani (left image). Image source: Acta Scientrium Ngensis

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Lieutenant General Hisao Tani personally wrote the four characters "Jin Zhong Bao Guo" (Utmost Loyalty to the Nation) in brush calligraphy on the battle flag, presenting it to his comrade-in-arms Toshio Katayama as a deployment flag for the Japanese military. This flag symbolizes his militaristic fanaticism, forming a sarcastic contrast with his crimes in Nanjing, and serves today as a historical cautionary artifact. Toshio Katayama is said to have been a Japanese army officer who primarily served in the 6th Division during World War II, belonging to the same unit as Lieutenant General Hisao Tani and maintaining a close relationship with him as a comrade-in-arms. According to historical records, he held the rank of Colonel, was attached to a unit under the 5th Infantry Brigade, and participated in combat operations related to the Sino-Japanese War. Image source: Acta Scientrium Ngensis

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Nanjing Atrocities: Hisao Tani

Lieutenant General Hisao Tani (1882¡V1947), as one of the primary planners and executors of the Nanjing Massacre, commanded the 6th Division whose military operations in capturing the eastern suburbs of Linggu Temple at the Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum around December 13, 1937, marked the final breakthrough of the Japanese military against the city defenses of Nanjing. In terms of military offensive and mopping-up strategies, Hisao Tani directed the 6th Division from December 10 onward to launch fierce assaults from Molingguan in the southern suburbs of Nanjing and west of Yuhuatai. Utilizing multi-route enveloping tactics and firepower suppression, they rapidly dismantled the defensive lines of the Chinese defending forces. On December 13, after breaching the Zhonghuamen (Zhonghua Gate), the division transitioned into the urban mopping-up phase. This phase primarily targeted residual resistance forces for "clearing operations," utilizing machine-gun fire, shelling, and close-quarters bayoneting aimed at annihilating scattered soldiers and preventing counter-attacks. This strategy not only secured the consolidation of occupied points but also laid the groundwork for subsequent atrocities. The primary operational zones for these mopping-up actions were concentrated in the southeastern and southern areas of Nanjing, including the Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum, the eastern suburbs of Linggu Temple, Huashenmiao, Baotaqiao, Shiganyin Temple, Xiaguan, and Caoxiexia. Most of these locations were situated from the southern foothills of Zijin Mountain to the banks of the Yangtze River, featuring complex terrain that facilitated concealed massacres by the Japanese military. The eastern suburbs of Linggu Temple at the Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum served as the breakthrough point and became the focus area of the initial wave of control, where the Japanese military captured a massive number of Chinese soldiers and civilians. Regarding massacre orders and the policy of refusing surrender, Hisao Tani not only acquiesced to his subordinates' atrocities but also explicitly formulated a stance to "accept no surrender and put them to death." War crimes trial records and related testimonies demonstrate that around the time of entering the city, he issued directives refusing to accept the surrender of the Chinese defending forces, ordering his subordinates to carry out indiscriminate massacres of soldiers who raised their hands in surrender or had already been disarmed, which included collective executions, bayonet stabbings, live burials, and the burning of corpses to destroy evidence. This policy directly caused the 6th Division to execute large-scale massacres of tens of thousands of people across the aforementioned regions. Hisao Tani, under the pretext of "relaxing military discipline among soldiers," condoned and propelled such actions, bearing an undeniable leadership responsibility.
After capturing the eastern suburbs of Linggu Temple at the Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum, Hisao Tani's 6th Division implemented extremely brutal mopping-up operations across Maqun, Dongwazi Village, Xiwazi Village, Maoshan, and Ma'an. Under the guise of "clearing residual enemies," the Japanese military deployed machine guns, bayonets, and artillery to carry out large-scale roundups and massacres of Chinese soldiers, disguised civilians, and rural residents. Many captives were gathered in village clearings or mountain slopes for collective executions, bayonet stabbings, or live burials. Skeletons were exceptionally dense in this area; at Maoshan, Maqun, Ma'an, and Linggu Temple, corpses were piled up like mountains, with thousands of remains scattered across ditches and open fields. Multiple scorched pyres of corpses were discovered, revealing that the Japanese military systematically destroyed evidence. This phenomenon stemmed directly from Hisao Tani's policy of refusing surrender and killing without exception, causing the 6th Division to fabricate a textbook scene of "mountains of corpses and rivers of blood" of the Nanjing Massacre around the perimeter of the breakthrough point.


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In the center of the image is an original news photograph related to the Nanjing Massacre of that year, measuring 21.5 cm x 17 cm, which is a key item in our collection. The photograph is quite well-preserved and was taken by an American journalist between 1937 and 1938. This historical shot has become a tragic, solemn memory of blood and tears in modern Chinese history, serving as a powerful witness to the fall of Nanjing, the capital of the Republic of China, into Japanese hands in 1937, where ordinary civilians were left entirely at their mercy. The Japanese soldier in the photo holds an automatic pistol pointed toward two Chinese civilians. According to the annotation on the back of the photograph, it reads "Japs shoot Chinese Prisoners," meaning "Japanese devils shooting Chinese captives." It is believed that these two captives ultimately could not escape being murdered. However, who exactly were these two victimized compatriots? Today's academic community generally believes that they were monks from a Zen temple in Nanjing, one of whom was the abbot of the temple. Judging from the lighting in the photograph, it should be mid-day during the daytime, with shadows cast vertically upon the grassland. This executing Japanese executioner carries a leather pouch on his back, his left hand tightly gripping a samurai sword.
Left image: A Japanese Type 98 officer's sword with a leather scabbard, which is a characteristic feature of usage by field units. Right image: The Order of the Rising Sun, 6th Class, Single Ray, along with its ribbon bar and medal box; these items became standard accoutrements for officers of the invading Japanese military. (Image source: Acta Scientrium Ngensis 2026)


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The handwritten signed diary of Azuma Shiro in April 1999, when he was eighty-seven years old. (Image source: Acta Scientrium Ngensis 2026)

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Azuma Shiro's Diary and the Xiwazi Massacre

Azuma Shiro (1912¡V2006), a prominent retired Japanese veteran, was born in Kyoto in 1912. He participated in the Nanjing Massacre of 1937 and published The Diary of Azuma Shiro to expose the atrocities of the Japanese military. Every time he visited Nanjing, he would proceed to the Eastern Suburbs Mass Grave Site for Perished Compatriots at Linggu Temple to pay his respects; the reason being that this very location was the historical site where he personally escorted Chinese officers and soldiers to be handed over to the Japanese military for execution. Enlisting in 1937, Azuma Shiro was attached to the 20th Infantry Regiment of the Japanese 16th Division, participating in the Battle of Nanjing and the subsequent massacre. His diary recorded in detail the war crimes such as rapes, arson, and collective massacres committed by the Japanese military, causing a severe shock to public opinion upon its publication in 1987. After the war, he visited China seven times to apologize for his sins, persistently upholding and vindicating the truth despite facing lawsuits and death threats from Japanese right-wing factions.
On December 13, 1937, Azuma Shiro's unit escorted over seven thousand Chinese officers and soldiers to the area of Xiwazi Village in the eastern suburbs of Nanjing (east of Linggu Temple, near the Central Stadium), handing them over to various companies for execution, which resulted in a massive massacre. The Japanese military brutally murdered the victims with machine guns and other means, leaving corpses piled up into hills that rotted and gave off a foul stench. The following year, the charitable organization Chongshan Tang collected and interred over thirty thousand bodies, of which approximately three thousand were buried right within this mass grave site. This location later became familiarly known as the "Tomb of the Unclaimed Souls," and a memorial monument now stands on the site as a cemetery park to mourn the perished compatriots. Every time Azuma Shiro visited Nanjing, he made it a point to travel to the Linggu Temple Eastern Suburbs Mass Grave Site and its adjacent ruins to burn incense and kneel in repentance, atoning for his crime of personally witnessing and participating in the escort of Chinese soldiers to be slaughtered by the Japanese military. During his first visit in 1987, he had already knelt for a prolonged period at the Memorial Hall of the Victims in Nanjing Massacre by Japanese Invaders, and thereafter repeatedly verified the massacre sites to offer apologies to the victims. This gesture earned him high praise from various sectors in China, where he was deeply respected and hailed as the "Conscience of Japan."
Azuma Shiro is widely known for his work The Diary of Azuma Shiro, which was based on the wartime diary he kept while personally experiencing campaigns like the Nanjing Massacre between 1937 and 1939. Excerpts were published in December 1987 under the title Our Regiment's Nanjing Infantry, detailedly chronicling the atrocities of slaughter, rape, and arson perpetrated by the Japanese military in Nanjing, which provoked powerful responses both within Japan and internationally. Following its publication, Azuma Shiro immediately came under severe attack from Japanese right-wing forces; his residence repeatedly received threatening phone calls, and he was insulted as a "traitor," a "sellout," and "the shame of former servicemen." The veterans' association of his former unit, the 20th Infantry Regiment, even expelled him from its membership under the pretext of damaging the regiment's reputation. Worse still, in April 1993, Mitsuharu Hashimoto, a squad leader mentioned in the diary, claimed that the accounts were "factual untruths" and "defamation." Orchestrated alongside fellow comrades, he brought a lawsuit against Azuma Shiro, Aoki Shoten, and the editor in the Tokyo District Court, demanding a public apology and two million yen in damages. After three years of trials, on April 26, 1996, the court deferred to right-wing intents and ruled that the descriptions in the diary regarding burning people with "mailbags," "ponds," and "hand grenades" were "fabricated." It ruled against Azuma Shiro and others, ordering each to pay Hashimoto 500,000 yen. Consequently, this lawsuit became a textbook example used by Japanese deniers to negate the history of the Nanjing Massacre. In 2006, Azuma Shiro passed away in Kyoto at the age of ninety-three.

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Excerpts from The Diary of Azuma Shiro: The following is recorded on page 204 of the diary, detailing how Azuma Shiro and his unit escorted a batch of Chinese military personnel to the eastern suburbs of Linggu Temple and handed them over to various companies for massacre. These victimized Chinese compatriots also comprise part of the deceased buried in the later Eastern Suburbs Monument to the Unclaimed Souls.

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¤G¤Q¤@¤é©^©Rĵ§Ù«°¤º¡A§Ú­Ì¤SÂ÷¶}¤F°¨¸sÂí¡C¤¤¤s¸ô¤Wªº³Ì°ªªk°|¡A¬Û·í©ó¤é¥»ªº¥qªk¬Ù¡A¬O¤@®y¦Ç¦â¤j«Ø¿v¡Cªk°|«e¦³¤@½ø¯}Äꤣ³ôªº¨p¤HÃ⨮½­Ë¦b¦a¡C¸ô¹ï­±¦³¤@­Ó¦À¶í¡C¤£ª¾±q­þ¨à©Ô¨Ó¤@­Ó¤ä¨º¤H¡A¾Ô¤Í­Ì¹³¤p«Äª±§ì¨Óªº¤pª¯¤@¼ËÀ¸§ËµÛ¥L¡C³o®É¡A¦è¥»´£¥X¤F¤@­Ó´Ý§Ôªº.......(204­¶)

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The next morning, we received orders to perform guard duty at Maqun Town. While on guard duty at Maqun Town, we heard that the captives had been distributed among various companies, with each company assigning two to three hundred men, and had been executed on their own initiative. It was said that the only officer among them, a military doctor, was kept alive by higher orders because he knew the location where the Chinese army hid food supplies. We did not understand why so many captives had to be killed. However, we consistently felt that this was too inhumane, too brutal. I found it simply difficult to comprehend, as if it were highly improper. The lives of seven thousand people vanished from the Earth in the blink of an eye; this is an indisputable fact. I thought that on the battlefield, a thing like life is not even worth a rice ball. Will our lives also be effortlessly swept away by the massive broom of war? Thinking of this, I intensely hated war with all my might.

On the 21st, we were ordered to perform guard duty within the city, so we left Maqun Town once again. The Supreme Court on Zhongshan Road, equivalent to Japan's Ministry of Justice, is a large gray building. In front of the court, a badly wrecked private car lay overturned on the ground. Across the road, there was a pond. From somewhere, a Chinese man was dragged over, and comrades-in-arms toyed with him just like children playing with a captured puppy. At this moment, Nishimoto brought forward a cruel....... (Page 204)
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Excerpts from The Diary of Azuma Shiro: Mitsuharu Hashimoto (namely Nishimoto) was the Japanese squad leader described in Azuma Shiro's diary. In April 1993, on the grounds that the diary's descriptions of his atrocities during the Nanjing Massacre¡Xsuch as "murder using a mailbag," the "pond," and "burning a person with hand grenades"¡Xwere "factual untruths" and "defamation," he filed a lawsuit against Azuma Shiro, Aoki Shoten, and the editor in the Tokyo District Court, demanding a public apology and two million yen in damages.

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......proposal, which was to stuff this Chinese man into a bag, pour gasoline from that car onto it, and then set it on fire. Thereupon, the Chinese man, wailing and crying loudly, was stuffed into a mailbag, and the mouth of the bag was tied tightly; that Chinese man struggled and cried out desperately inside the bag. Nishimoto kicked the bag back and forth like playing soccer, and urinated onto the bag as if fertilizing vegetables. Nishimoto took gasoline from the broken car, poured it onto the bag, tied a long rope to the bag, and dragged it back and forth on the ground. (Page 204)
Those with even a shred of conscience knit their brows and stared at this cruel game, while those without any conscience loudly encouraged it, finding it thoroughly interesting.
Nishimoto set it on fire. The moment the gasoline ignited, hair-raising, horrific shrieks burst forth from within the bag. Bound by its full strength, the bag leaped and rolled all over. Some comrades-in-arms found such a brutal way of playing quite amusing; the bag rolled all over the ground like a fireball, emitting bursts of shrieks as if from hell. Pulling the rope attached to the bag, Nishimoto said:
"Hey, if it's too hot, I'll cool you down!" Saying so, he tied two hand grenades to the bag and then threw the bag into the pond. The fire gradually went out, the bag sank downward, and the ripples on the water slowly calmed down. Suddenly, "Boom!" the hand grenades exploded, throwing up splashes of water. After a while, the water returned to calm, and the game ended just like that.
Things like this are not considered much of a crime on the battlefield. It was merely Nishimoto's cruelty that astonished us.
After a short while, this group of people completely forgot the horrific event mentioned above, and walked on humming a little tune as if nothing had happened.
We were arranged to lodge in a Western-style apartment.
In this empty, massive metropolis, we searched for food supplies from house to house. Calligraphy, paintings, curtains, and vases were requisitioned to decorate our rooms. We did nothing every day, enjoying a life free of hardship and full of pleasure. Apart from the morning and evening roll calls, exercises, playing cards, and chess, there was nothing else to do each day. As for the topic of conversation, it was always about when we could return home. Now that Nanjing has fallen, everyone is harboring a beautiful dream of a triumphal return in their hearts. (Page 205)


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The Xiwazi Village in the Eastern Suburbs area is a slightly sloping depression, where it is not difficult to spot small puddles formed by accumulated water. (Image source: Acta Scientrium Ngensis 2026)

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The Massacre at Xiwazi Village and the Eastern Suburbs Mass Grave Site


The Massacre and the Eastern Suburbs Mass Grave Site: Following the fall of Nanjing in December 1937, the invading Japanese military implemented a massive massacre across the entire city. Historical records particularly point out that the Eastern Suburbs area suffered exceptionally severe casualties: "In the Eastern Suburbs area, corpses covered the hills and ridges, bones were exposed on the desolate plains, and due to being uncollected for a long time, they rotted and gave off a foul stench of blood." This description encompasses a vast territory spanning from outside Zhongshan Gate to Maqun, which also included the valleys and lowlands near Linggu Temple and around Xiwazi Village. Beginning in April 1938, local charitable organizations in Nanjing, such as the Chongshan Tang, started to systematically collect and inter the remains. According to records, a total of approximately 33,000 bodies were collected from outside Zhongshan Gate to Maqun and buried on the spot in desolate hills and open fields. Some of these locations were later officially designated as "Nanjing Massacre Mass Grave Sites for Victims." Not far east of Linggu Temple, next to the former site of Xiwazi Village, a stone monument stands with its front explicitly inscribed with "Nanjing Massacre Mass Grave Site for Victims¡XZhongshan Mausoleum Xiwazi Village." The inscription on the reverse side of the monument also explains that this very location was one of the sites where remains in the Eastern Suburbs were collected and interred on the spot back then. The cemetery park seen today is "built upon the former site of Xiwazi Village," and its perimeter has been redeveloped into a sports park, separated from the Tennis Center of the Nanjing Sport Institute by merely a single wall. Realignment and Commemoration after the Reform and Opening Up: According to reports, Xiwazi Village and Dongwazi Village underwent suburban redevelopment several years ago. After the villagers relocated, the original sites were reconstructed into a sports park, water bodies, and recreational facilities, becoming venues for citizens to go boating, fly kites, and ride bicycles. Beside the road leading from Linggu Temple to the Sports Park, the stone monument for "Nanjing Massacre Mass Grave Site for Victims¡XZhongshan Mausoleum Xiwazi Village" has been erected. The inscription on the back of the monument detailedly chronicles the fall of Nanjing in 1937, the fields covered with corpses throughout the Eastern Suburbs, and the process in 1938 through which organizations like the Chongshan Tang collected and buried over 33,000 remains, allowing ordinary visitors to perceive the historical weight once borne by the land beneath their feet while enjoying their leisure time. The text on the back of the memorial monument for the 1938 collection and on-the-spot burial by the Chongshan Tang and other groups records: After the massacres by the Japanese military in December 1937, across the Eastern Suburbs area, "corpses covered the hills and ridges, bones were exposed on the desolate plains, and due to being uncollected for a long time, they rotted and gave off a foul stench of blood."
Beginning in April 1938, charitable groups like the Chongshan Tang started collecting remains in the "area from outside Zhongshan Gate to Maqun," totaling approximately 33,000 bodies, which were buried on the spot in desolate hills or open fields; the area where Xiwazi Village was located constitutes a part of this zone. Approximately 3,000 people lie beneath the feet at Xiwazi Village; reports indicate that among these 33,000 bodies, "around 3,000 people were buried right under the foot of the memorial monument," which means beneath today's cemetery park of the "Nanjing Massacre Mass Grave Site for Victims¡XZhongshan Mausoleum Xiwazi Village." Some elderly residents recalled that when the bodies were transported there for burial at that time, the quantity was so massive that "they piled up together and became a mountain of graves without even being buried," demonstrating that this site was a large mass grave pit or multiple connected pits formed by concentrating and piling up a huge volume of corpses and then covering them with earth, rather than individual coffin burials. The recollections of the Japanese veteran Azuma Shiro state that around December 13, 1937, his unit had escorted more than 7,000 captured Chinese officers and soldiers to a village not far from the monument, handing them over to various companies to be executed on their own initiative in batches; the vicinity of Xiwazi Village was precisely one of the concentration points for such collective massacres and body dumpings. Judging from these materials, the Xiwazi Village mass burial pit was highly likely a collective pit formed during the 1938 collection campaign by utilizing the local terrain to bury a massive number of bodies scattered across the Eastern Suburbs battlefield and around the perimeter of the village on the spot. However, details regarding "which year it was excavated by which archaeological team, how many skeletal remains were uncovered, and what the shape of the pit was" cannot be retrieved even within currently public academic journals.

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An Aerial View of the Unclaimed Souls' Tomb at Xiwazi Village in the Eastern Suburbs of the Central Stadium in the 30th Year of the Republic of China

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An aerial view of the Unclaimed Souls' Tomb at Xiwazi Village in the eastern suburbs of the Central Stadium in November 1939. The red arrow points to the location of the Unclaimed Souls' Tomb. (Image source: Acta Scientrium Ngensis 2026)

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An Aerial View (Enlarged) of the Unclaimed Souls' Tomb at Xiwazi Village in the Eastern Suburbs of Linggu Temple in the 30th Year of the Republic of China

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¥Á°ê®É´Áªº¾ú¥v·Ó¤ù¤¤¡A´¿¨£¨ì¤@±i1939¦~11¤ë¥Ñ°ªªÅ¯è©çªº«n¨Ê¤¤¥¡Åé¨|³õ³¾Àý¹Ï¡A±q¤¤¥i¿ëÃÑÆF¨¦¦x¥HªF­¥µL¥D©t»î¹Óªº©Ò¦b¦ì¸m(¨£¤W©ñ¤j¹Ï)¡C±qµe­±©Ò¨£¡A¹Ó¦a§e¶ê§Î¼X¥C¡A¥|©PÀô¹Ò¸û¬°ªÅÃm¡A¶È¹s¬P¤À¥¬着¤@¨Ç¸G¾ð¡F³o¤@´º¶H¡A»P¤µ¤é©Ò¦sªº¾ú¥v¼v¹³¤j­P§k¦X¡Cµ§ªÌ¦b²Ó¹î¸Ó³B®É¡A¥ç¯d·N¨ìªþªñ¦ü¥GÁÙ¦³­Y¤z§ÎºA¬ÛªñªºÀÀ¦ü¼X¥C²ª¸ñ¡A¥u¬O¥Ø«e©|¥¼¯à¶i¤@¨B®Ö¹ê¨ä¨ãÅ騭¥÷»P­I´º¡A¦³«Ý¤é«á§ó¦h¥v®Æ»P¹ê¦a¦Ò¹î¥[¥HÂç²M¡C(¹Ï¤ù¨Ó·½: ©µ³®¬ì¾Çºî¦X«Ç 2026)

Among the historical photographs from the Republican period, there was an aerial view of the Nanjing Central Stadium captured from a high altitude in November 1939, through which the location of the Eastern Suburbs Monument to the Unclaimed Souls to the east of Linggu Temple can be identified (see the enlarged image above). As seen from the image, the burial ground presents a circular grave mound, and the surrounding environment is relatively open, with only scattered dwarf trees distributed around. This scene broadly tallies with the surviving historical images of today. Upon closer examination of the site, the author also noticed that there seem to be several traces of suspected grave mounds with similar morphologies nearby. However, their specific identities and backgrounds cannot be further verified at present, remaining to be clarified by more historical data and field investigations in the future. (Image source: Acta Scientrium Ngensis 2026)

¥Á国´Áの歴¥v写¯uの¤¤に¡B1939¦~11¤ëに¤WªÅから°ª°ª«×¯èªÅ¼¼¼vされた«n¨Ê¤¤¥¡Ê^¨|³õの³¾Àý図があり¡Bそこから霊¨¦¦x (れいこくじ) ¥HªFのªF­¥にあるµL¥D©t»î¹Óの©Ò¦b¦ì¸mをÃѧOすることができます (¤Wの拡¤j図を参·Ó) ¡C画­±から¨£ると¡B¹Ó¦aは円§Îの¼X¥Cを§eしており¡B©P囲のÀô¹Òは¤ñ¸ûªº¶}け¡B§C¤ì (¸G¾ð) がまばらに¤À¥¬しているだけです¡Cこの¥ú´ºは¡B¤µ¤é²{¦sする歴¥vªºな¬M¹³とおおむね¤@­Pしています¡Cµ§ªÌが当¸Óºç©Òを¸Ô²Óに観¹îした»Ú¡B¥Iªñには¥Lにも§ÎºAがÃþ¦üしたいくつかÀÀ¦üªºな¼X¥Cの²ª¸ñがあるようにも¨£¨üけられましたが¡B²{¦bのところその¨ãÊ^ªºな¨­¤¸や­I´ºをさらに検µýすることはできておらず¡B¤µ«áのさらなる¥v®Æの発¨£や実¦a¦Ò¹îによる¸Ñ©úが«Ýたれます¡C (画¹³¥X¨å¡GActa Scientrium Ngensis 2026)

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The Puppet Nanjing Municipal Administration Directorate

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The entrance of the Puppet Nanjing Municipal Administration Directorate General Office (Image source: From the collection of Acta Scientrium Ngensis)

°°«n¨Ê¥«·þ¿ì¥«¬F¤½¸pの¤jªù (画¹³¥X¨å¡GActa Scientrium Ngensis 蔵)


¨L°°¬FÅv¤Uªº·þ¿ì«n¨Ê¥«¬F¤½¸p¬Oºû·s¬F©²®É´Á (1938¦~) ¦b«n¨Ê³]¥ßªº¦a¤è¦æ¬F¾÷ºc¡A¥D­n­t³d«n¨Ê¥«ªº¥«¬FºÞ²z»P¤é±`¹B§@¡C¨ä®Ö¤ß¾¯à¥]¬A²ÎÄwªÀ·|¡B±Ð¨|¡B°]¬F¡B¹ê·~¡B¤u°È¡B½Ã¥Í¤Îĵ¹î¨Æ°È¡A¤U³]¯µ®Ñ³B¡BªÀ·|³B¡B±Ð¨|³B¡B°]¬F³B¡B¹ê·~³B¡B¤u°È³B¡B½Ã¥Í³B©Mĵ¹îÆUµ¥³¡ªù¡A«á§ï¬°¦U§½¡A¸Ó¤½¸p©ó1939¦~3¤ë§ï²Õ¬°«n¨Ê¯S§O¥«¬F©²¡Aª½Äݦæ¬F°|¡A¦®¦b¥[±j¤é°°¹ï«n¨Êªº±±¨î»Pí©w¦a¤è¯´§Ç¡A

¨L°°«n¨Ê°ê¥Á¬F©²¡A¦b«n¨Ê³]¥ßªº¡u·þ¿ì¥«¬F¤½¸p¡v¬O¨ä¦a¤è¦æ¬F¾÷ºc¤§¤@¡A­t³d«n¨Ê¥«°Ïªº¥«¬FºÞ²z¡C¸Ó¤½¸p¨ãÅé¦a§}¦b¾ú¥v¤åÄm¤¤°O¸ü¤£¸Ô¡A¦ý¨L°°¬FÅvªº®Ö¤ß¦æ¬F¾÷ºc¦h¶°¤¤©ó«n¨Ê¹ª¼Ó°Ïªº¥Á°ê¤½À]°Ï¡A¦pÀ[©M¸ô¤@±a¡A¨Ò¦p¨Lºë½Ã¤½À]¦ì©óÀ[©M¸ô38¸¹ (­ì¦è±d¸ô46-2¸¹) ¡C°°«n¨Ê¥«¬F¬ÛÃö¿ì¤½±`»P¤é¥»¾Ë§L¥q¥O³¡ (¦ì©ó¦¿苏¸ô39¸¹ªþªñ) ¬Û¾F¡A¤è«K¨ó§@¡A¦ý¥¼©ú½T¼Ðµù·þ¿ì¥«¬F¤½¸pªº¿W¥ß¦a§}¡C

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The Nanjing Municipal Administration Directorate under the Wang Jingwei puppet regime was a local administrative agency established in Nanjing during the Reformed Government period (1938), primarily responsible for the municipal management and daily operations of Nanjing City. Its core functions included coordinating social, educational, financial, industrial, public works, health, and police affairs. It comprised departments such as the Secretariat, Bureau of Social Affairs, Bureau of Education, Bureau of Finance, Bureau of Industry, Bureau of Public Works, Bureau of Health, and the Police Department, which were later reorganized into respective bureaus. The Directorate was reorganized into the Nanjing Special Municipal Government in March 1939, directly reporting to the Executive Yuan, aiming to strengthen Japanese-puppet control over Nanjing and stabilize local order.
The "Municipal Administration Directorate" established in Nanjing by the Wang Jingwei puppet Nanjing Nationalist Government was one of its local administrative institutions, responsible for the municipal management of the Nanjing urban area. The specific address of this Directorate is not recorded in detail in historical documents. However, the core administrative organs of the Wang Jingwei puppet regime were mostly concentrated in the Republican-era villa district of Gulou District, Nanjing, such as the Yihe Road area; for instance, Wang Jingwei's residence was located at No. 38 Yihe Road (formerly No. 46-2 Xikang Road). Office spaces related to the puppet Nanjing municipal administration were often located adjacent to the Japanese Gendarmerie Headquarters (situated near No. 39 Jiangsu Road) to facilitate collaboration, but an independent address for the Municipal Administration Directorate was not explicitly documented.


¨L¥ü»Ê (おうちょうめい) °°¬F権¤Uにおける¡u·þ¿ì«n¨Ê¥«¬F¤½¸p¡vは¡Bºû·s¬F©²®É´Á (1938¦~) に«n¨Êに³]¥ßされた¦a¤è¦æ¬F¾÷関であり¡B¥Dに«n¨Ê¥«の¥«¬FºÞ²zと¤é±`·~°Èを担っていました¡Cその¤¤®Öªºな¾¯àには¡BªÀ会¡B±Ð¨|¡B°]¬F¡B実·~¡B¤u°È¡B½Ã¥Í¡Bおよびĵ¹î¨Æ°Èの²Î¬Aが§tまれており¡B³Ê¤Uには¯µ®Ñ処¡BªÀ会処¡B±Ð¨|処¡B°]¬F処¡B実·~処¡B¤u°È処¡B½Ã¥Í処¡Bĵ¹î庁などの³¡ªù («áに¦U§½へと§ï称) が¸mかれていました¡C¦P¤½¸pは1939¦~3¤ëに«n¨Ê¯S§O¥«¬F©²へと§ï²Õされて¦æ¬F°|にª½属することとなり¡B¤é¥»­xと°°¬F権による«n¨Êの²Îªv±j¤Æと¦a¤è¯´§Çの¦w©w¤Æを¥Øªºとしていました¡C
¨L¥ü»Ê°°«n¨Ê国¥Á¬F©²が«n¨Êに³]¥ßした¡u·þ¿ì¥«¬F¤½¸p¡vは¡Bその¦a¤è¦æ¬F¾÷関の¤@つであり¡B«n¨Ê¥«内の¥«¬FºÞ²zをºÞÁÒしていました¡C当¸Ó¤½¸pの¨ãÊ^ªºな©Ò¦b¦aについて¡B歴¥v¤å献における°O¸üは¤£¸Ôであります¡Cしかし¡B¨L°°¬F権の¤¤®Öªºな¦æ¬F¾÷関の¦hくは¡B«n¨Ê¥«¹ª楼 (ころう) 区の¥Á国´Á¤½À]µó (¨Ò¡GÀ[©M¸ô[いわろ]¤@帯) に¶°¤¤しており¡B¤@¨Òを挙げれば¡B¨Lºë½Ã¤½À]はÀ[©M¸ô38号 (¤¸の¦è±d¸ô46-2号) に¦ì¸mしていました¡C°°«n¨Ê¥«¬Fに関³sするオフィスは¡B¨ó¤Oを円·Æにするため¡B¤é¥»­xの¾Ë§L¥q¥O³¡ (¦¿Ä¬¸ô39号¥Iªñに¦ì¸m) に隣±µしていることが¦hかったものの¡B·þ¿ì¥«¬F¤½¸pの独¥ßした¦í©Òについては©ú½Tに°O録されていません¡C

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Cedars by the Xuanwu Lake Seen from Taicheng

¥x«°より¥ÈªZ´ò¯`のヒマラヤスギを±æむ

¥x«°¥ÈªZ´ò¯`ªº³·ªQ, ¦b¥V­·¸Ì®¼¥ß¤£©}¡C¥¦ªK·F»a«l, ޏ­´ËµM, µLÄßÄY´H»PÁ÷³·, ¦~¦~¨Ìºñ·N¯sµM¡C¨º¥÷°í¶´ªº¥Í©R¤O, §Ï©»¤]¬M·ÓµÛ³o®y«°¥«ªºÆF»î¡X¡X¦b¾ú¥v³Ì²`ªº³Ðµh¤§«á, «n¨Ê¨Ã¥¼¨I¨S©ó´d«è, ¦Ó¬O¦b¼o¼V¤¤¦A¦¸©ù­º¡C¥¿¦p³·ªQ±q­·³·¤¤­«¥Í, «°¥«¥ç±q·´·À¤¤´M¦^´LÄY»P§Æ±æ¡C´ò¤ôÀRÀR¬MµÛªQ¼v, ¹³¬O¦b¶D»¡¡G°O¾Ð¤£·|­ä¹s, ¥Í©R²×±N©µÄò¡C(¹Ï¤ù¨Ó·½¡G©µ³®¬ì¾Çºî¦X«Ç 2026)

The cedars by the Xuanwu Lake at Taicheng stand firm and unyielding in the winter wind. Its branches are vigorous and its needles are dense, fearing neither severe cold nor frost and snow, remaining lush green year after year. That resilient vitality seems to reflect the very soul of this city¡Xafter the deepest trauma in history, Nanjing did not sink into sorrow and resentment, but raised its head once again from the ruins. Just as the cedars are reborn from the wind and snow, the city also recovered its dignity and hope from destruction. The lake water quietly reflects the shadow of the pines, as if whispering: memory will not fade, and life will ultimately endure. (Image source: Acta Scientrium Ngensis 2026)

¥x«°の¥ÈªZ (げんぶ) ´ò¯`に¦îむヒマラヤスギが¡B¥Vの­·の¤¤で¤£©}の«ºでそびえ¥ßっています¡CそのªKぶりは¤O±jく¡B¸­はÆ{»aと­Zり¡B厳しい´HさやÁ÷³·をも®£れず¡B¦~々変わらぬàTかな緑を´ïえています¡Cその±j靭な¥Í©R¤Oは¡Bまるでこの³£¥«の»îを¬Mし¥Xしているかのようです――歴¥vの³Ìも²`い¶Ë²ªを経た«áも¡B«n¨Êは´d«èの¤¤に¨Hむことなく¡B廃¼Vの¤¤から¦Aび­± (おもて) を¤Wげました¡Cヒマラヤスギが­·³·の¤¤から¥Íまれ変わるように¡B³£¥«もまた¯}·Àの¤¤から´L厳と§Æ±æを¨úり戻したのです¡C´ò¤ôは静かにスギの¼vを¬Mし¥Xし¡Bまるでこう»yりかけているかのようです¡C°O¾Ðは¦´ちªGてることなく¡B¥Í©Rはついに¤Þき継がれていくのだと¡C  (画¹³¥X¨å¡GActa Scientrium Ngensis 2026)

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The Taimoshan Diplazium and the Orychophragmus (Zijin Flower)

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1939¦~¦ì¤é¥»­xÂå§â¦b«n¨Êµµª÷¤s¤U±Ä¶°ªºµµª÷ªá (µµª÷¯ó) ºØ¤l±a¦^¤é¥»ºØ´Ó, ±N³o¦·¨£ÃÒ¾Ô¤õ»P­WÃøªº¤pªá¤Æ§@©M¥­»P¤Ï¬Ùªº¶H¼x¡C¤K¤Q¦h¦~«á, ©µ³®¬ì¾Çºî¦X«Ç±Nµµª÷ªá­«·s±a¦^´Óª«¶é®â°ö, Åý¥¦»P­»´äªº¤j´U¤sÂù»\¿¹ (Diplazium taimoshanensis) ¤@¹D¥Íªø, ÀRÀR¦u±æ着¦P¤@¤ù¤g¦a¡C³o¤£¥u¬O¤@¦¸´Óª«»P¦a°ìªº¬Û¹J, §ó¶H¼x«n¨Ê»P­»´ä¹ï¥¿¸qªº¦@¦P«H©À, ¤£¨Ìªþ±jÅv, ¥u®Ú´Ó©ó¨}¤ß»P¨}ª¾ªº°O¾Ðªº°õ着, «H©À±q¨S§ïÅÜ¡C (¹Ï¤ù¨Ó·½¡G©µ³®¬ì¾Çºî¦X«Ç 2026)

In 1939, a Japanese military doctor brought the seeds of the Orychophragmus flower (Zijin flower) collected at the foot of Nanjing's Zijin Mountain back to Japan for cultivation, transforming this small flower, which had witnessed war and suffering, into a symbol of peace and reflection. More than eighty years later, the Acta Scientrium Ngensis has brought the Orychophragmus flower back to the botanical garden for cultivation, letting it grow alongside Hong Kong's Taimoshan Diplazium (Diplazium taimoshanensis), quietly watching over the same piece of land. This is not merely an encounter between plants and regions, but it also symbolizes the shared belief in justice held by Nanjing and Hong Kong¡Xa persistence of memory that does not yield to power but remains rooted solely in conscience and historical awareness; a belief that has never changed. (Image source: Acta Scientrium Ngensis 2026)

1939¦~¡Bある¤é¥»­xの­x医が«n¨Êのµµª÷¤sÄSで±Ä¶°したµµª÷ªá (µµª÷¯ó¡Bムラサキハナナ) のºØを¤é¥»に«ùち帰って®â°öし¡B戦¤õと­WÃøを¨£届けたこの¤pさなªáを¡B¥­©Mと¤Ï¬Ùの¶H徴へとª@µØさせました¡Cそれから80§E¦~が経った²{¦b¡B©µ³®¬ì¾Çºî¦X«Ç (Acta Scientrium Ngensis) はµµª÷ªáを¦Aび´Óª«¶éに³sれ戻して®â°öし¡B­»´äの¤j´U¤s (タイモーシャン) Âù»\¿¹ (Diplazium taimoshanensis) と¦@に¦¨ªøさせ¡B¦Pじ¤j¦aを静かに¨£¦uり続けています¡Cこれは単なる´Óª«と¦a°ìの¨µり¦Xわせにとどまらず¡B権¤Oにªü (おもね) ることなく¡Bただ¨}ª¾と¨}¤ßの°O¾Ðのみに®Úざすという¡B«n¨Êと­»´äが«ùつ¥¿¸qへの¦@³qの«H©Àと°õ着を¶H徴しており¡Bその«H©Àは¤µも©õも¨Mして変わることはありません¡C (画¹³¥X¨å¡GActa Scientrium Ngensis 2026)

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«n¨Êµµª÷ªá (¤SºÙ¡u¤G¤ëÄõ¡v©Î¡uµµª÷¯ó¡v) §@¬°©M¥­ªº¶H¼x, »P«n¨Ê¤j±O±þªº¾ú¥v°O¾Ð±K¤Á¬ÛÃö, ¦Ó­I«á¬G¨Æªº®Ö¤ß¤Hª«¥¿¬O¤@¦ì¤é¥»¤G¾Ô­xÂå¡ã¤s¤f¸Û¤Ó­¦, µµª÷¯ó¥»¦W¡u¤G¤ëÄõ¡v, «IµØ¤é­x½Ã¥Í§÷®Æ¼t¼tªø­Ý­xÂå¤s¤f¸Û¤Ó­¦¨Ó¨ì«n¨Ê, 1939¦~¨Ó¨ì«n¨Ê®É, ¨£¨ìªº¬O¤@®y¦b«n¨Ê¤j±O±þ«á¤´º¡¥Ø½H²­ªº«°¥«, ¦Ó±©¦³¦bµµª÷¤s¤@±a, ¤G¤ëÄõ¦b¾Ô¤õ´Ý¸ñ¤¤¤j¤ù²±¶}¡C ³o¤@¹õÅý¥L²`·P½ÄÀ», ı±o¦b¼É¦æ»P¼o¼V¤§¤¤, ¤H¥Áªºµh­W»P¥Í©R¨Ã¥¼§¹¥þ³QºR·´, ·í®É«n¨Ê¤j±O±þªº³Ð¶Ë¤´¥¼®ø´², «°¥«º¡¥Ø½H²­¡C ¥L¦bµµª÷¤s¤U¬Ý¨ì¤j¤ù²±¶}ªº¤G¤ëÄõ, ¦b¾Ô¤õ´Ý¸ñ¤¤­Ï±jºì©ñ, ²`¨üIJ°Ê, ı±o³o¬O¤@ºØ¤£¬È¼É¦æ¡B¨ÌµM¦V¶§¦Ó¥Íªº¶H¼x¡C©ó¬O±N³oºØ¤pªá±a¦^¤é¥», ¨ú¦W¡uµµª÷¯ó¡v, ¨Ã¦b¦Û®a¶é¤¤ºØ´Ó, ¦P®É¦V¾Ç®Õ¡B¤½¶é¡BªÀ°Ï¼sªxÃØ°eºØ¤l¡C

¤s¤f³Ìªì¨Ã¤£¥u¬O¡uÁ¿­z¡v¤é¥»¹ï«n¨Ê±a¨Óªºµh­W, ¦Ó¬O¥H³oºØªá§@¬°¤@ºØÄb®¬»P¤Ï«äªº¶H¼x, ¶¡±µ§â«n¨Êªº­WÃø±a¨ì¤é¥»¤H¤ß¸Ì¡C¥L¨Ã¥¼¦b¾Ô®É¤½¶}¿E¯P§åµû¤é¥»­x°ê¥D¸q, ¦ý¦b¾Ô«á´X¤Q¦~¸Ì, ¥L¦h¦¸¦bºtÁ¿¤¤±j½Õ, «IµØ¾Ôª§µ¹¤¤°ê¤H¥Á±a¨Ó¤F²`­«¨aÃø, ¨Ãªí¥ÜÀ³¦V¤¤°ê¤H¥Á­Pºp, §Æ±æ¤é¥»¤H¬Ý¨ìµµª÷¯ó®É, ¯à·Q¨ì¡u¨C¤@¦·ªá­I«á³£¦³¤@­ÓµL¶d¤¤°ê³Q®`ªÌªºÆF»î¡v¡C ¥L¥h¥@«e¯d¤Uªº¿òÄ@, ¥ç¬O§Æ±æµµª÷¯ó¯à¦¨¬°¡uĵ¥Ü«I²¤¾Ôª§´d¼@¡B¬èÄ@©M¥­¡vªº°O¾Ð¸üÅé¡C³z¹L¡uºØªá¡v³oºØ·Å©M¡B©µÄòªº¤è¦¡, §â«n¨Êªºªd¤g»P¾Ôª§°O¾Ð±a¦^¤é¥»ªÀ·|¡C ¥L»P®a¤H¦h¦~¨Ó¦b¤õ¨®ªu³~¼»ºØ, Åýµµª÷¯ó¦b¤é¥»¦U¦a¸¨¦a¥Í®Ú, ¨Ï³o¦·¤pªá³vº¥³Q¤é¥»¥Á²³µø¬°¡u©Úµ´¾Ôª§¡B¬èÄ@©M¥­¡vªº¶H¼x¡C

The Nanjing Orychophragmus flower (also known as "Eryuelan" or "Zijin Cao") serves as a symbol of peace and is closely linked to the historical memory of the Nanjing Massacre, and the core figure behind its story is precisely a Japanese World War II military doctor¡XSeitaro Yamaguchi. The original name of the Zijin flower is "Eryuelan" (February Orchid). When Seitaro Yamaguchi, director of the medical materials factory and military doctor of the invading Japanese army, arrived in Nanjing in 1939, what he saw was a city still devastated and scarred after the Nanjing Massacre; yet, only around the Zijin Mountain area, the Eryuelan flowers were blooming in vast patches amidst the ruins of war. This scene deeply shocked him, making him feel that amidst the atrocities and ruins, the suffering and life of the people had not been completely destroyed. At that time, the trauma of the Nanjing Massacre had not yet faded, and the city was riddled with scars. At the foot of Zijin Mountain, he saw vast stretches of blooming Eryuelan stubbornly blossoming amidst the vestiges of war. Deeply touched, he felt that this was a symbol of refusing to bow to atrocities and still growing toward the sun. Consequently, he brought this small flower back to Japan, named it "Zijin Cao" (Zijin Grass), and planted it in his own garden while extensively donating seeds to schools, parks, and communities.
Initially, Yamaguchi did not merely "narrate" the pain Japan brought upon Nanjing, but used this flower as a symbol of repentance and reflection, indirectly bringing Nanjing's suffering into the hearts of the Japanese people. He did not openly and fiercely criticize Japanese militarism during the war, but in the decades following the war, he emphasized multiple times in his speeches that the war of invasion had brought profound catastrophes to the Chinese people, expressed that apologies should be made to the Chinese people, and hoped that when Japanese people saw the Zijin flower, they would remember that "behind every single flower rests the soul of an innocent Chinese victim." His dying wish before his passing was also that the Zijin flower could become a carrier of memory that "warns against the tragedy of aggressive wars and prays for peace." Through this gentle, continuous method of "planting flowers," he brought Nanjing's soil and wartime memories back into Japanese society. For many years, he and his family scattered seeds along train routes, allowing the Zijin flower to take root and sprout across various parts of Japan, causing this small flower to be progressively viewed by the Japanese public as a symbol of "rejecting war and praying for peace."

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